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1. Western Kentucky University Adolescent Diversion Policy Essay
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Essayattachment_1attachment_2Unformatted Attachment PreviewCourse: Criminology
Topic: Policy Paper #1 (Linking Control Theory to Crime Policy) Assignment Instruction:
Advocate for a criminal justice policy that is a based off of any control theory (theories in ch.
5 or 6). In your paper, you must explain how the policy relates to the theory. The policy that
you choose must have at least one performance evaluation testing its effectiveness. Please
visit https://www.crimesolutions.gov for possible policy topics. You can choose a policy
that addresses multiple aspects of a theory (e.g., it addresses several of Hirschi’s social
bonds) or it can focus solely on one dimension (e.g., the development of self-control in early
childhood). Length: 2 to 3 pages (double space, size 12 font) Due: 28 October (11:59 pm)
Chapter 4 Crime in American Society: Anomie and Strain Theories Class Discussion
Question • What is the American dream? Merton’s Strain Theory: Social Structure and
Anomie • Structurally Induced Strain – The United States places an extraordinary and
universal emphasis on economic success for all (the “American Dream”) – Cardinal
American virtue is ambition – Social structure limits access to goal of success Anomie •
Borrowed from Emile Durkheim • Anomie takes hold in societies that place an intense value
on economic success – Pursuit of success no longer is guided by normative standards of
right and wrong – Efficiency rules and innovation and deviance increase Merton’s Strain
Theory: Social Structure and Anomie • Structurally Induced Strain – Disjunction between
what the culture extols (the American Dream) and the means provided by the social
structure (limited legitimate opportunities) – Produces strain and pressure for deviance
Typology of Adaptations Mode of Adaptation Conformity Cultural Goals + Institutionalized
Means + Innovation + – Ritualism – + Retreatism – – Rebellion ± ± Typology of Adaptations
Mode of Adaptation Conformity Cultural Goals + Institutionalized Means + Innovation + –
Ritualism – + Retreatism – – Rebellion ± ± Class activity: Identify someone who exemplifies
each mode of adaptation Rejecting Individualism • Western Kentucky University Adolescent
Diversion Policy EssayMerton: very nature of American society generates considerable
crime and deviance (1) Cultural message for all to pursue the American Dream (2)

2. Differential opportunities people have to reach this universal goal • Neighborhoods varied
by opportunities and poverty the result of system, not individuals Agnew’s General Strain
Theory • Proposed there were three sources of strain: 1. Failure to achieve positively valued
goals 2. Actual or anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli 3. Actual or anticipated
presentation of negative stimuli Elaborating General Strain Theory • Four factors that
increase the likelihood that strain will prompt a criminal adaptation: 1. The strain is seen as
unjust 2. Strain is high in magnitude 3. The strain is caused by or associated with low self-
control 4. The strain creates some pressure or incentive to engage in criminal coping Crime
and the American Dream: Institutional-Anomie Theory • The American Dream fosters
anomie – Use the technically most efficient means to achieve desired goals • Institutional
Balance of Power – Economy trumps everything in the U.S. – Institutional-Anomie Theory
(Messner and Rosenfield, 1994) The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications • Expand
opportunities • Taming the American Dream – Is this easy to do? Class Discussion Question
• Q: Compare and contrast strain theories (Merton & Agnew) with those from the first three
chapters (e.g., Spiritualism, Classical, Chicago school) of the book. – What are the
similarities? Differences? – Describe how policy implications based out of strain theories
differ from the other theories …Western Kentucky University Adolescent Diversion Policy
Essay