Chatty Devices

Source: Dark Star, 1974
Chatty Devices
Does mouse and monitor soon become a thing of the past?
Sascha Wolter |@saschawolter | wolter.biz
Mai 2017

Learned or Innate
Source: Star Trek IV (20th Century Fox), 1986

Our Oldest Interface
• The deeply instinctive nature of speech
presents specific constraints and new
challenges. Our brains are fundamentally
wired to interpret the source of speech as
human. […] Thus, a device that speaks to us is
tapping into a deep river of psychological
adaptations, and subject to a set of
assumptions a pixel-based UI will never
encounter.
(Cheryl Platz, 2017, https://medium.com/microsoft-
design/voice-user-interface-design-new-solutions-to-old-
problems-baa36a64b3e4#.zc46diybh)
• There is no consensus on the ultimate origin
or age of human language (human language
could be 40,000 years old or much older).
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Real-time_MRI_-_Speaking_(English).ogv

Conversational User Experience
Amazon Echo: Alexa…
Google Home: Okay Google…
LingLong DingDong : DingDong DingDong …
8 Million sold by the end of 2016
https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2017/01/23/amazons-us-echo-sales-top-8-million/
Harman Kardon Invoke / Microsoft Home Hub: Hey Cortana

Amazon Echo: Alexa…
8 Million sold by the end of 2016
https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2017/01/23/amazons-us-echo-sales-top-8-million/

Source: Mattel's Barbie Hello Dreamhouse
Connected Devices (Internet of Things)

I know so much
…about you
Video: My Friend Cayla 2014

Source: MGM Child's Play (The Lakeshore Strangler), Vivid My friend Cayla
Big Brother Award
Internet of Uncanny Things
German Federal Network Agency says, any toy capable of
transmitting signals and recording images or sound without
detection is banned. (https://t.co/R7UCmI9aj9)

Conversation Experience and Voice
Intersection of text-based conversational user interfaces and voice user interfaces.
Conversational
Experience
Voice User
Interface (VUI)
More than Command and Control
Speech Processing
Natural Language Understanding (NUI)
Image: © Wolter ‘17

Conversation Experience and Voice
What Researchers say and why Investors bet on bots!
Conversational
Experience
Voice User
Interface (VUI)
63% like to use Voice to
control their home.
65% of Smartphone Users
have used Voice Assistants.
Bots are the new apps.
(Satya Nadella, Microsoft CEO)
Every fourth German wants to
use Chatbots.
Active Users: 1 billion
WhatsApp, 800 million
Facebook Messenger…
63 % don’t like to talk to/with
machines.
https://www.quora.com/Why-are-people-saying-Bots-are-the-new-apps
https://www.bitkom.org/Presse/Presseinformation/Jeder-Vierte-will-Chatbots-nutzen.html
http://www.fittkaumaass.de/news/chatbots-von-jedem-zweiten-online-kaeufer-abgelehnt
50 % doubt the reliability.

Google Voice Search, Google Now,
and Google Assistant
• Voice Search (2002)
• Voice Search is merged with Now (2012)
• Google Android and iOS
• Mobile usage scenarios
• Looks up the Internet but doesn’t know you
• Natural sounding voice commands
(https://www.cnet.com/how-to/complete-list-of-ok-google-commands/)
Google Assistant
• Google's Allo chat app*
• Google’s Pixel phone*
• Google Home
• Probably “next gen. Google Now”
• Conversational
• Deeper artificial intelligence
*Multimodal human-computer interaction involving several of the five human
senses (i.e. vision and voice).
Google Voice Search
Google Now

Alexa’s built-in voice capabilities for
your connected products:
• Works same way it would with an
Amazon Echo
• Access to third-party skills
developed using the Alexa Skills
Kit (ASK).
• Develover Kits
• Still a Wake Word Engine needed
(i.e. Sensory Alexa wake word
suite)
Commands/Conversation and Devices
Source: https://developer.amazon.com/alexa-voice-service
Skills Devices

Conversational User Experience
Source: https://developer.amazon.com/alexa-voice-service
Alexa in the Car: Ford, Amazon to Provide
Access to Shop, Search and Control Smart
Home Features on the Road.
The world's first Amazon Alexa-enabled
smartwatch: iMCO CoWatch.
LG puts Amazon Alexa on a fridge.

…operates without a graphical user interface and
is typically controlled via a network connection.
Headless Devices
Source: Discovery Channel 2013

Source: Room E demo by Jared Ficklin, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGaAyBBur3I
Interaction isn´t one-dimensional
Multimodal interaction provides multiple modes of input and output.
speechRecognizer = new SpeechRecognitionEngine();
var grammer = new Grammar(new FileStream("commands.grxml...
speechRecognizer.LoadGrammar(grammer);
speechRecognizer.SpeechRecognized += new EventHandler...
speechRecognizer.SpeechHypothesized += new EventHandler...
speechRecognizer.SpeechRecognitionRejected += new EventHandler...
speechRecognizer.SetInputToAudioStream(stream,
new SpeechAudioFormatInfo(EncodingFormat...
speechRecognizer.RecognizeAsync(RecognizeMode...

https://github.com/Uberi/speech_recognition

Gulf between Human and Machine
User and GoalsPhysical System
(World)
Source: Norman, D. (1986). "User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-computer Interaction". CRC. ISBN 978-0-89859-872-8

Voice Input Changes Lives
Inclusion
• The biggest and most impactful benefit voice
user experiences provide is vastly improved
accessibility. Looking for inspiration? Go read
the reviews of the Amazon Echo. […] Voice
UIs allow us to remain fully human in our
interactions.
(Cheryl Platz, 2017, https://medium.com/microsoft-design/voice-
user-interface-design-new-solutions-to-old-problems-
baa36a64b3e4#.zc46diybh)

Voice User Interface (VUI)
• Grice’s Maxims (1975)
(https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/grice/)
• Quality: Only say things that are true
• Quantity: Don’t be more or less
informative than needed
• Relevance: Only say things relevant to the
topic
• Manner: Be brief, get to the point, and
avoid ambiguity and obscurity
• Cooperative Principle
• Turn-taking
• Context
• Threading
Herbert Paul Grice (March 13, 1913 – August 28, 1988)

Speech Recognition/ Speech to Text
and Speech Synthesis / Text to Speech
Speech Processing
Source: Echo/Google Home infinite loop, https://youtu.be/ZfCfTYZJWtI

Physiological voice modelling (1791)
Speech Synthesis
Source: Kempelen's speaking machine (1791), http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x363xkr

Source: Hatsune Miku - World is mine– 2011, https://youtu.be/YSyWtESoeOc
Vocaloid (2003)
Hatsune Miku: “First sound from the Future.”
Speech Synthesis

Speech Synthesis
• Text-to-phoneme
• Known/Unknow words
• Text normalization
• Henry VIII vs Chapter VIII
• Prosodics and emotional content
• How to sound “natural”?
• …
• Usually based on samples
(versus physiological modelling)
• Discrete symbols to continues
Waveforms
• Stochastic process
(Hidden Markov model)
• Machine Learning / Deep Learning
(https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pub
s/archive/41539.pdf)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_synthesis

Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML)
• http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis/
• XML-based
• Some elements and attributes:
• break
• phoneme
• prosody
• say-as
• currency
• digits
• number
• date
• time
• …
• audio
• ...
<speak>
<say-as>
Welcome! Today is
</say-as>
<say-as interpret-as="date">
20121213
</say-as>
</speak>

Speech Recognition
History
• 1950’s: Bell Laboratories designed the
"Audrey“ which could understand digits
• 1960’s: IBM demonstrated “Shoebox” which
could understand 16 words
• 1970’s: Carnegie Mellon's "Harpy" speech-
understanding system could understand 1011
words (approximately the vocabulary of an
average three-year-old)
• …
Video: Massive Attack Tour 2008 http://www.uva.co.uk/archives/84

Speech Recognition
Moving from word templates and sound patterns to probability.
• 1980’s: Worlds of Wonder's Julie doll (1987),
which children could train to respond to their
voice.
• 1990’s: In the early 90’s Dragon Dictate (9000
USD) and in the late 90’s Dragon
NaturallySpeaking arrived to recognize
continuous speech
• 2000’s: It’s still guessing with around 80
percent accuracy.
• 2010’s: Google's English Voice Search system
now incorporates 230 billion words from
actual user queries.
• …
Video: https://youtu.be/UkU9SbIictc

Speech Recognition
Technics
• Voice recognition (biometric) versus Speech
recognition (content)
• Speaker dependence vs. independence
• Detection Algorithms
• Fourier transformation (decorrelate the
spectrum)
• Dynamic time warping (DTW)-based speech
recognition
• Hidden Markov models (“stochastic state
model”)
• Grammar and Vocabulary
• …
• Front-End vs. Back-End
• Natural Voice Control
• Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)
• Natural Language Understanding (NLU)
• Nonverbal communication
• E.g. lip-reading, McGurk-Effect
• Context and Grammar:
• Simple Grammar: e.g. just digits or numbers
• Advanced Grammar: Speech Recognition
Grammar Specification (SRGS), W3C Standard
• SRGS can take a variety of forms, with the
most popular being Grammar XML (GRXML).
(http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-grammar/ )
• Subject area (Healthcare, Military etc.)

Source: https://youtu.be/tDFfZlQRCwM 2016
Speaker Recognition and Reliability.
Conversational UX

Codified and strict vs.
Conversational
• CLI: Command Line Interface
• Input of Commands via Keyboard
• Eliza by Joseph Weizenbaum (Psychotherapist), 1966
• Already 1220 chatbots according to the chatbots
directory
(https://www.chatbots.org/)
[4]

Source: Subservient Chicken 2011 (http://web.archive.org/web/20110426194400/http://www.bk.com/en/us/campaigns/subservient-chicken.html)

Microsoft Xiaoice, Rinna, and Tay
i.e. Xiaoice has 20 million registered users
Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaoice, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_(bot)

Persona for an Avatar with Personality
Source: http://genieblog.ch/cortana-vs-siri-1-emotionen/

Source: Project Yorick, https://youtu.be/3Nss_2_rwdE
Creepy (Ro)bot

Uncanny Valley
Source: http://www.androidscience.com/theuncannyvalley/proceedings2005/uncannyvalley.html
BB-8, Star Wars VII
Source: Disney

Conversational UX turns real
Source: https://youtu.be/jSVRrJJ2nl4, SNL Julie the Operator 2006

Human?
• Chinese room: Does a machine literally
"understand" Chinese? Or is it merely
simulating the ability to understand Chinese?
Searle calls the first position "strong AI" and
the latter "weak AI".
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room)
• Turing Test: A player C is given the task of
trying to determine which player – A or B – is
a computer and which is a human. C is limited
to using the responses to written questions to
make the determination.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test)
• The Alexa Prize: A social bot that can
converse coherently and engagingly with
humans on popular topics for 20 minutes
(similar to Loebner Prize with 25 minutes).
(https://developer.amazon.com/alexaprize)

Source: Boris Adryan, 2015-10-20, http://iot.ghost.io/is-it-all-machine-learning/

Commonsense Knowledge and Intuition

Source: The Simpsons, 2001
Anticipation and Empathy

What is Machine Ethics?
Source: http://moralmachine.mit.edu/

Source: http://www.youtube.com/Fzo_5q_dhIM, Green Tricycle Studios 2012
Respect Privacy.
Conversational UX

Conversational UX, Topics and Guides
• Microsoft
• Kinect for Windows | Human Interface
Guidelines v2.0
(https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/kinect/tools)
• Interaction primer
(https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/uwp/input-and-
devices/input-primer)
• Experience Principles and Best Practices
(http://docs.botframework.com/en-us/directory/best-practices/)
• Inclusive Design
(https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/design/inclusive)
• Google
• Conversation Design
(https://developers.google.com/actions/design/)
• Amazon
• Alexa Skills Kit Voice Design
(https://developer.amazon.com/public/solutions/alexa/alexa-
skills-kit/docs/alexa-skills-kit-voice-design-handbook)

Source: Kinect for Windows | Human Interface Guidelines v1.7
Wake Word
Invocation
Action/Skill Types
Prompt
Wake Word
• Devices “Name”
• Alexa, Echo, Amazon, or Computer
• OK Google, or Hey Google
• Hey Cortana
• Keyword or trigger vs
Always on, active listening
• Indicate that the device is listening
• Reduced false activation
• Provide alternative input
Invocation Name
• Activating the Agent for your Skill (think of
starting your app)
• Usually two words (without articles), no
trademarks

Action Types
Direct integration
(for home automation, media etc.)
• Direct Actions* (Google)
• Smart Home Skill (Amazon)
• Flash Briefing Skill (Amazon)
• Cortana Skill* (Microsoft)
*not yet available
Indirect integration
(invocation trigger/name)
• Conversation Actions (Google)
• Custom Skill (Amazon)
• Cortana Skill* (Microsoft)
*not yet available
Some restrictions for publishing! Needs invocation trigger!

Invocation Types
Invocation Type Conversation
Full Intent User: Alexa, ask Astrology Zone for the horoscope for Leo.
Astrology Zone: Today’s outlook for Leo: An opportunity presents itself at work.
Partial Intent User: Alexa, ask Astrology Daily for my horoscope.
Astrology Daily: Horoscope for what sign?
No Intent User: Alexa, talk to Astrology Daily.
Astrology Daily: You can ask for your horoscope. Which is your sign?
Ask <invocation name> <connecting word> <some action>
<some action> <connecting word> <invocation name>
Tell <invocation name> <connecting word> <some action>
Search <invocation name> for <some action>
Open <invocation name> for <some action>
Talk to <invocation name> and <some action>Launch <invocation name> and <some action>
Start <invocation name> and <some action>
Resume <invocation name> and <some action>
Run <invocation name> and <some action>
Load <invocation name> and <some action>
Begin <invocation name> and <some action>
Use <invocation name> <connecting word> <some action>

Prompt Types
Prompt Type Conversation
Question
Interaction remains
open, waiting for
respond.
Astrology Daily: Horoscope for
which sign?
Statement
Interaction will
terminate.
Astrology Daily: Today’s outlook for
Pisces: You could be questioning
your current path…
Wizard of Oz experiment, Image: http://www.kristamcgeebooks.com/

The dirty secrets: JSON behind
Amazon Alexa | Request Response

The dirty secrets: JSON behind
Google Assistant | Request Response

How-to Alexa Skills
https://developer.amazon.com/edw/home.html#/skills/list
General Settings and Invocation Name Intents, Content, and Utterances

How-to Alexa Skills
Fulfillment via Endpoint/Webhook Testing

Tip: Development and Debugging
• Prepare node.js
• https://nodejs.org/
• https://expressjs.co
var express = require('express');
var bodyParser
= require('body-parser');
var app = express();
app.get('/', function (req, res) {
res.send('Hello World!');
});
app.listen(3000, function () {
console.log('Example app
listening on port 3000!');
});
• Use an editor or IDE (i.e. Visual Studio Code)
• https://code.visualstudio.com/Docs/runtimes/nodejs
• Connect to your local server via tunnel
• https://ngrok.com/
• Generates URL like https://b22ec890.ngrok.io/
ngrok http 3000
• Eclipse SmartHome/QIVICON
• REST API http://127.0.0.1:8080/doc/index.html
• Paper UI http://127.0.0.1:8080/ui/index.html

How-to Alexa Skills
var Alexa = require('alexa-sdk');
app.post('/', function(req, res) {
var context = {
succeed: function (result) {
console.log(result);
res.json(result);
},
fail:function (error) {
console.log(error);
}
};
var alexa =
Alexa.handler(req.body, context);
alexa.registerHandlers(handlers);
alexa.execute();
});
var handlers = {
'SwitchOnIntent': function () {
var item = this.event.request.intent.
slots.item.value;
doRequest("ON");
this.emit(':tell', 'Switch ' + item);
},
'SwitchOffIntent': function () {
var item = this.event.request.intent.
slots.item.value;
doRequest("OFF");
this.emit(':tell', 'Switch ' + item);
}
};

How-to Google Assistant Skills
…
https://developers.google.com/actions/

How-to Google Assistant Skills: Actions SDK

How-to Google Assistant Skills: Actions SDK
• Conversation API
• gactions CLI
• Specifying Action Package (JSON)
• Testing
• Deployment
• Actions SDK /
ActionsSdkAssistant
• npm install
express body-parser
actions-on-google
--save
• require('actions-on-google')
.ActionsSdkAssistant;
• Web Simulator

How-to Google Assistant Skills: api.ai
• API.AI webhook protocol
• Webfrontend
• Specifying Action Package
• Testing
• Deployment
• Actions SDK /
ActionsAssistant
• npm install
express body-parser
actions-on-google
--save
• require('actions-on-google')
.ActionsAssistant;
• Web Simulator
https://developers.google.com/actions/ | https://console.api.ai/api-client/#/newAgent

https://developers.google.com/actions/ | https://console.api.ai/api-client/#/agents
Create Agent General Settings

Intents, Content, and Utterances Intents, Content, and Utterances

Content Training

Integration Invocation Name

Testing Fulfillment via Endpoint/Webhook

GUI Interface
NLU (Natural Language Understanding )
Conversation building features
(i.e. Domains, Entities, State, Context)
https://developers.google.com/actions/ | https://console.api.ai/api-client/#/newAgent

@saschawolter | http://wolter.biz | https://github.com/wolter

Next: Microsoft Cortana Skills
…and some more like Samsung Bixby etc.
• Harman Kardon Speaker announced for 2017
• Cortana
• Fictional AI character in the Halo video game.
• Acquired 2009 as TellMe.
• Intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator.
• Competes with Siri and Google Now since 2013 (Windows Phone 8.1).
• Available on Windows 10, Windows IoT, on Android and iOS, on Xbox, etc.
• Cortana Skills Kit announced for early 2017
• Cortana Devices SDK announced for 2017
• Allows OEMs (original equipment manufacturer) and ODMs to create smart and personal devices.
• Microsoft Bot Framework
• Build and connect intelligent bots to interact with your users naturally.
• Microsoft Luis - Language Understanding Intelligent Service (part of Cognitive Services)
• Understand language contextually

Source: Dark Star, 1974, Bryanston Pictures
I think, therefore I am.
[…] But how do you know that anything else exists?
My sensory apparatus
reveals it to me.

Chatty Devices
Does mouse and monitor soon become a thing of the past?
Sascha Wolter |@saschawolter | wolter.biz
Mai 2017
Source: Dark Star, 1974, Bryanston Pictures

Chatty Devices

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