1. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government The Enlightenmentand Society Page 550-558 Page 564-575

2. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government Objectives The Formative influences The Enlightenment an society Adam Smith The Enlightenment and Political Thought Women and the Enlightenment

3. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government The Formative influences Locke and Newton British Toleration The Print Culture

4. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government A. Locke and Newton Use science, not ancient or medieval religion to explain the world. Reason, Rational thinking and science dominated the study of the natural world Newton and laws of Gravity…etc Locke and tabula rasa Man is a blank slate He is a product of his experiences This can be studies and shaped

5. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government B. British Toleration Constitutional Monarchy and Individual liberty Magna Carta Petition of Right Habeas Corpus English Bill of Rights Admired by all of Europe as most free

6. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government C. The Print Culture Guttenberg and the Printing Press Led to expansion of printed materials Encouraged a literate culture The populace Authors as well Encouraged new ideas

7. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government II. The Enlightenment an society Voltaire The Encyclopedia Beccaria

8. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government A. Voltaire Voltaire was his pen name. Used his writings to campaign against intolerance, injustice and prejudice. Often is jailed for his criticisms of rulers. Admired British system of common law. Viewed reason as a divine force.

9. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government B. Encyclopedia Denis Diderot Created the First Encyclopedia. Wanted to collect all information from leading scholars and writers. Louis XV saw the book as a threat and and had it banned. Diderot continued to print other copies. Inspired Encyclopedia Britannica

10. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government C. Beccaria Attacked torture and capital punishment Supported speedy trials Laws should deter crime and ensure societal happiness

11. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government III. Adam Smith (1723-1790) Background Critic of mercantilism Advocate of Free Markets Law of self interest Law of Competition Laws of supply and demand

12. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government A. Background Born in Scotland College Professor Ethics, Philosophy and economics The Wealth of Nations, 1776 Critic Of Mercantilism Advocated Free markets Laissez Faire economics Private property

13. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government B. Critic of Mercantilism Nations compete for wealth Taxes, regulations, tariffs and colonies protected markets The world is a zero sum game My gain is your loss

14. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government C. Advocate of Free Markets Wealth is created (non zero sum game) Law of self interest People act in their own self interest The profit motive Power of incentives Free markets harness this… It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages.

15. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government C. Advocate of Free Markets Law of Competition Forces producers to provide better products for a cheaper price. efficiency Innovation Laws of supply and demand Price systems direct market forces High prices attract production and decrease demand Low prices attract demand and limit production

16. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government IV. The Enlightenment and Political Thought Baron de Montesquieu(1689-1755) Rousseau

17. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government A. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) Charles de Secondat Inherited title and wealth Wrote Spirit of the laws Studied British model Still supported aristocracy Huge influence on Madison Separation of Powers Checks and Balances

18. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government Separation of powers Each function of government should be divided Legislative Branch: Write the laws Executive Branch: Enforce the laws Judicial Branch: Interpret the Laws Prevents concentration of power “When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty;...”

19. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government

20. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government Checks and balances Each branch must have the power to restrain the others. This is the power exercised between the branches “Power should be a check to power”

21. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government

22. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government B. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Wrote The Social Contract Eccentric (Crazy) Believed man was good… Society corrupted him Also advocated the Social Contract Freedom is obedience to laws you agree with

23. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government B. Rousseau Focused on virtue Emphasized collective good versus individual interest Attacked the emphasis on the individual found in other writers

24. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government Rousseau " Find a form of association which defends and protects with the whole force of the community the person and the goods of each associate, and in which each, while uniting with all, may still obey himself alone, and remain as free as before. This is the fundamental problem of which the Social Contract offers the solution."

25. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government V. Women and the Enlightenment The role of Salons Mary Wollstonecraft Enlightenment on Women

26. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government A. The Role of Salons. Acted as intellectual centers of Europe. Poetry, stories, debate, and music. Organized by woman. Marie Therese Geoffrin. Restricted to the upper class.

27. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government The Salons

28. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government B. Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Women Opposed traditional roles for women Confinement to roles is slavery Male tyranny Critiqued other philosphes for excluding women Broadened the debate

29. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government C. Enlightenment on Women Most did not advocate a change for women Montesquieu’s support was limited Sympathetic, not revolutionary Subordinate to male, but could divorce Most writers emphasized the physical differences Weakness Frivolous Rousseau advocated traditional roles for women

30. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government What we know… What influenced the enlightenment? How did the Enlightenment influence society? How did the Enlightenment influence politics? What was the role of women in the Enlightenment?

31. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government Terms John Locke Voltaire Adam smith Montesquieu Rousseau Marie Therese Geofrin Mary Wollstonecraft Separation of powers Checks and balances Salons Laissez Faire Free markets

32. 10.2 The Enduring Political Impact of the Enlightenment on Government Major Ideas of the Enlightenment