2. Plot
• Is the framework of a story—the
arrangement of related events that makes
the story hang together.
• The action in the story.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WH5jlk
K4aUI
3. Exposition
• Introduces the basic situation of
the story and any information
the reader needs (setting,
background, characters) to get
oriented to the story.
4. Rising action
•Is the dramatic events that
move the plot along to its
point of greatest emotional
intensity.
8. Climax
• Is the point of most emotional intensity in a
story and often the turning point.
• The point at which the action in a story or play reaches its
emotional peak.
• the moment in the story or play at which a crisis reaches its
highest intensity and a decisive turning point.
9. Conflict
• Conflict:
The elements that create a plot. Traditionally, every plot
is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an
eventual resolution. The conflict can be internal (within
one character) or external (among or between
characters, society, and/or nature).
11. Resolution
• Is the part of the plot in which
the problems are settled and
everything is made clear or
explained.
12. Suspense
• Is a technique used to hold the reader’s
interest.
13. Foreshadowing
• Is the technique of providing the readers wit hints, clues, or
indications about future action.
• A technique in which an author gives clues about something
that will happen later in the story.
• a device in which the author drops hints or otherwise
prepared the reader for an event to come later
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tooj33VgjaA
14. flashback
• Is the technique of going to a previous time, not within the
time frame of the story to provide the reader with back
ground information or to relate the story as if it is being
remembered.
15. Indirect characterization
• Occurs when the writer reveals the nature of his characters
through their appearance, speech, actions, thoughts, and
responses of other characters
16. protagonist
• Is a story’s main character
• Is the good guy in the story
• Is the hero of the story
17. antagonist
• Is the character or force that comes into conflict with the
main character.
• Is the bad guy or villain in the story
• A major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or
play.
• the major character in opposition to the hero or protagonist of
a narrative or drama
23. Stock characters
• Fit a preconceived notion about a specific type, much like a
stereotype.
24. Omniscient
• Is a narrator that is godlike observer who knows everything
thing that is going on and who can see into every character’s
heart and mind
25. First-person
• Is a narrator that relates events of the story, and takes part
in the action using “I.”
• The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to
himself as “I.”
• narrator is a character in the story; uses “I,” “we,” etc.
27. Limited third-person
• Is a narrator that speaks form the vantage point of a single
character.
• narrator tells only what one character perceives
28. Third-person objective.
• Is when the narrator is not a character in the story and
reports only what can be seen and heard. Unspoken
thoughts and feelings are not revealed.
29. Figurative language
• Is a language that goes beyond its usual literal meaning to achieve emphasis or to
express a relationship between unlike things. A figurative expression usually
contains a stated or implied comparison.
• Examples: The redcoats are coming!,
• Language that does not mean exactly what it says. For example, you can call
someone who is very angry “steaming.” Unless steam was actually coming out of
your ears, you were using figurative language.
30. Simile
• Is a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are directly compared, usually with
words like or as.
• Examples: As busy as a bee, As cold as ice, Our soldiers are as brave as lions, Her cheeks are red
like a rose, She swims like a fish, The world is like a stage, The night was as black as coal, “Do
you ever feel like a plastic bag?”, as busy as a bee, as snug as a bug in a rug, as black as coal, as
blind as a bat, as smooth as glass, as gentle as a lamb, as clear as a crystal, as hard as rock, as
flat as a pancake, as white as snow, as clean as a whistle, as free as a bird, as hot as hell, as mad
as a hatter, as pretty as a picture, as sharp as a knife, as wise as an owl, as fat as a pig, as brave
as a lion, as gentle as a lamb,
31. Metaphor
• Is an implied comparison between things essentially
• A comparison that doesn’t use “like” or “as”—such as “He’s a rock” or “I am an island.” unlike.
• Examples: Her voice is music to his ears, you are my sunshine, she froze with fear, I’m the king of
the world, love is a battlefield, food for thought,
32. Extended metaphor
• Is a metaphor, an implied comparison that runs through an entire work or portion of a work.
Most often found in poetry.
33. personification
• Is a figure of speech in which human characteristics are assigned to non-human things, or life is
attributed to inanimate objects.
• Giving inanimate object human characteristics. For example, “The flames reached for the child
hovering in the corner.”
• Examples: The flowers danced in the gentle breeze, Time creeps up on you, The news took me by
surprise, The fire ran wild, this city never sleeps, the city that never sleeps, the grease jumped
out of the pan,
34. onomatopoeia
• Is use of words having sounds that suggest their meaning or which imitate the sound associated
with them.
• A word that makes a sound
• The use of words that sound like what they mean such as “buzz.”
• Examples: the buzzing bee flew away, The sack fell into the river with a splash, bang, hop, pluck,
clap, crack, meow, honk, crunch, pop,
35. hyperbole
• Is a figure of speech involving great exaggeration. The effect may be satirical, sentimental, or
comic.
• For entertainment or amusement.
• Examples: I have a ton of homework, I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse, Hit the lights, My mom
is going to kill me, I’ve told a million times, It was so cold, I saw polar bears wearing jackets, I
can smell pizza from a mile away, The lesson was taking forever, I could listen to that song on
repeat forever,
36. imagery
• Is language that appeals to what can be seen, heard, touch, taste, smell, as well as what can be
felt internally (to senses) in order to re-create the experience being communicated and the
emotional response appropriate to the experience.
• The use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks, sounds, feels, smells,
or taste. Most of the time, it refers to appearance. For example, “The young bird’s white,
feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime sky.”
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0ymDfJge8c&index=4&list=PLndfEMRm03EVKXV5FsHw
mH6-fDs1J_fkB
37. irony
• Is a figure of speech in which the author implies what is meant, or what has occurred, is
different from what was thought or expected.
• Examples: “Oh great! Now you have broken my new camera.”
Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite.
• Can be verbal, situational, or dramatic and has the result of the meaning, situation or action
being one thing but meaning something different.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgV4Bj8U0Mo&index=5&list=PLndfEMRm03EVKXV5FsHw
mH6-fDs1J_fkB
38. tone
• Is a writer’s attitude and what he or she wants the reader to feel.
39. theme
• Is the main idea or underlying of a literary work. A theme may be directly stated, but more often
it is implied by the author.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kN6Ug_HYZYc
40. inference
• Is a reasonable guess based on evidence found in the text.
42. prose
• Is any non-metrical language, novels, short stories, letters, emails, ect. In other words, all
writing except poetry and drama (scripted plays).
43. symbol
• Something concrete that means to represent an abstract idea or notion. For example, the heart
shape which is concrete represents the abstract notion of love.
44. Suspense
• A sense of excitement, tension, dread or fear about what will
happen next
48. Verbal Irony
• When someone knowingly exaggerates or says one thing and
means another
49. Dialect
• The form of language spoken in a particular area by particular
people.
50. Word choice
• Can make a work sound formal or informal, serious, or
humorous; words must be chosen carefully depending on the
goal of the piece of writing
62. Symbolism
• Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities
by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from
their literal sense.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26-Q_QUG6bA
63. Analogy
• An analogy is a literary device that helps to establish a relationship based on similarities between
two concepts or ideas. By using an analogy we can convey a new idea by using the blueprint of an
old one as a basis for understanding. With a mental linkage between the two, one can create
understanding regarding the new concept in a simple and succinct manner.
64. Biography
• A biography is simply a bio that gives an account or detailed description about the life
of a person. It entails basic facts such as childhood, education, career, relationships,
family and death. Biography is a literary genre that portrays the experiences of all
these events occurred in the life of a person mostly in a chronological order. Unlike a
resume or profile, biography
65. Flashback
• Flashbacks are interruptions that writers do to insert past events in order to provide
background or context to the current events of a narrative. By using flashbacks,
writers allow their readers to gain insight into a character’s motivation and provide a
background to a current conflict. Dream sequences and memories are methods used
to present flashbacks.
• Is a literary device that allows writers to show their audience specific events that
happened before the current action of the story.
66. Inference
• Flashbacks are interruptions that writers do to insert past events in order to provide
background or context to the current events of a narrative. By using flashbacks,
writers allow their readers to gain insight into a character’s motivation and provide a
background to a current conflict. Dream sequences and memories are methods used
to present flashbacks.
67. Genre
• Is a category system that literature falls into based on specific
conventions that develop to characterize the differences.
69. Satire
• the literary art of belittling a subject by making it seem
ridiculous and evoking towards it attitudes of amusement,
contempt, or scorn; satire frequently attempts to correct
human vices and follies.
• Any form of literature that blends ironic humor with criticism
for the purpose of ridiculing vice and stupidity in individuals
and institutions.
74. tone
• the attitude of the writer toward his subject and his audience,
revealed through his diction and his choice of emphasis; the
tone of a work might be formal, or intimate, solemn or
playful, serious, ironic, humorous.
75. mood
• the atmosphere or feeling developed in a literary work; light-
hearted, romantic, eerie, somber, tragic.
