1. CJ 105

2.  Age crime curve: peak
18 violent
16 property
½ by 32
½ by 21
59%-violent juveniles=adults

3.  1899-1st juvenile court-Illinois
-1500-1600’s –discovery of childhood
-”ideal” child produced
-”undesirable” prevented from developing
17th Century France: duels, mutinies, brawls, assaults on teachers
Student required to leave weapons at door

4.  Ideal:
-educators, clergy, psychologists
 Undesirable:
-no distinction for age
 19th Century
-1st attempt social control

5.  1825:
NY House of Refuge
 1826:
Boston
 1828:
Philadelphia
Set standards for 25 years:
-ball & chain/handcuffs/whipping/work

6.  Work:
-exploited kids
-rented out to industry
 1850’s:
-”child saving organizations

7.  Juvenile Court:
Illinois 1899
-Dependent
-Neglected
Theory of Parens Patriae
-court has ultimate authority over kids
-superseded parental rights

8.  Due Process and Juveniles:
-non existent why?
1. Not criminal (statutory)
2. No determination of guilt (adjudicated)
3. Treatment versus punishment (not relevant)

9.  1960’s: Supreme Court
-In Re Gault (1967):
-arrested obscene call
-parents not notified
-no witnesses
-15 year old sentenced until 21
1. Fair notice of charges to prepare defense
2. Counsel
3. Face accusers
4. No self-incrimination

10.  In re Winship (1970):
-preponderance of evidence changed to reasonable doubt
 McKeiver v. PA:
-no right to jury
-states free to experiment

11.  Teen (peer) Courts:
-Comprised of other teens
-admitted to offense
-low recidivism rates

12.  Juveniles and adult court:
-when?
-how?
Judicial waiver: judge waives jurisdiction
Concurrent jurisdiction: Prosecutors file as adult/juvenile
Statutorily excluding: Legislatures

13.  Transfers:
-More severe sentences
 Blended sentences:
-juvenile/adult time
 Criminal Blended sentences:
-juvenile/criminal sanctions but juvenile system supervises.

14.  Status Offenses:
-offenses only because of age
-MIP
-Truancy
-running away
-curfew
-Females 60% runaways
-Males 70% alcohol
Detention?:
-protect jurisdiction of court process
-protect community
-protect juvenile

15.  Institution based responses:
-education
-vocation
-substance abuse
-anger management

16.  Girls in a boy’s system:
-Substance abuse: psychosocial development interrupted
-Pregnancy: higher sexual activity v. non-offenders
-Academic performance: learning disabilities
-Societal factors: community-based program for girls rare