Transport Engineering presentation by Wendimu Tefari Wolkite University Department of Civil Engineering

2. Chapter 1: Introduction to Transport
Engineering
Presentation Overview
Introduction
 Major disciplines of transportation
 mode of transport
Types of transportation systems
Factors affecting transportation

3. Definition
Transportation is the movement of goods and people from
one place to another.
• It is also Safe, Efficient, Reliable, and Sustainable movement
movement of people and goods over time and space.
Transportation engineering is a part of civil engineering
which focuses on the Infrastructure of Transportation and its
and its Elements, which support the movement of goods and
people.
• It is the application of scientific principles to the planning, design,

4. •Transportation system in a nation consists of an
aggregation of vehicles,
guide ways,
terminals, and
 control systems that move freight and
passengers from one place to the other.
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5. Consider the businessman’s trip depicted

6. Componentstransportation System
Physical Components
Physical components of transportation system includes
• infrastructure;
•vehicles;
•equipment; and
•control, communications, and location systems.

7.  Human resource,
• Human resources, essential to the operation of transportation
systems, include
 vehicle operators such as automobile, truck and bus
drivers, airline pilots
 railroad engineers,
maintenance and construction workers,
transportation managers, and
professionals who use knowledge and information to
advance the transportation enterprise.

8.  Operating rules
Operating rules include
• schedules - define the arrival and departure times of
transportation vehicles at the different transportation
terminals and stations
• crew assignment- involves assigning operators to the different
vehicles (e.g., assigning bus drivers to the different buses in a
transit agency’s fleet, assigning pilots and flight attendants to
flights, etc.).
• connection patterns- refer to how service is organized over the
transportation system or network

9. • Transportation engineering can be broadly classified into four
major parts:
1. Transportation Planning.
2. Geometric Design.
3. Pavement Design.
4. Traffic Engineering.
• Transportation planning essentially involves the development
of a transport model ,that will accurately represent both the
current as well as the future transportation system.

10. • Geometric design deals with physical proportioning of
transportation facilities.
• The topics include the cross-sectional features, horizontal
alignment, vertical alignment and intersections.
• Pavement design deals with the structural design of roads, both
(bituminous and concrete), commonly known as (flexible
pavements and rigid pavements) respectively.
• It deals with the design of paving materials, determination of the
layer thickness, and construction and maintenance procedures.

11. • Traffic engineering covers a broad range of engineering
applications with a focus on the safety of the public, the efficient
use of transportation resources, and the mobility of people and
goods.
• Traffic engineering involves a variety of engineering and
management skills, including design, operation, and system
optimization.
In short, the role of a traffic engineer is
• To protect the environment while providing mobility and assuring
economic activity
• To assure safety and security to people and vehicles, through both
acceptable practices and high-tech communications.

12. • The solution to transportation problems must be,
 Safe --- public safety
Rapid --- time value and customer service
Comfortable/convenient --- Level of service
Economical --- Social cost
Environmental --- Clean air and sustainability
Movement --- Mobility

14. • Transportation system is
categorized into four major
subsystems based on the
medium on which the flow
elements are supported.
1. Land transportation
• Highway or road transport
system
• Railway transport system
2. Air (flying) services
transportation
• Domestic
• International.
3. Water transportation
• Inland (rivers, seas)
• Coastal
• Ocean
4. Pipelines
• Oil
• Gas
• Other

15. • Road Transport:- An Identifiable Route/Path Which
Connects Two or More Places.
• Roads are Typically Smoothed, Paved or Otherwise
Prepared to Allow Easy Travel.
• It is Main Mode of Transport Out of all Modes
advantages of roadways DISADVANTAGES OF ROADWAYS
 maximum flexibility
for travel
 Goods Carrying
Capacity Is Low
 it permits any mode
of road vehicle
 Speed Is Low Compare
To Air And Waterway
 it provides door-to-
door service
 Less Comfort And
Safe
 it saves time for
short distance
 Uneconomical For
Long Distance
 construction and
maintenance cost is
low
 Number Of Road
Accident Is High

16. Rail Transport
• Train Runs Along A Two
Parallel Steel Rails, Known As
Railway Or Rail Road
• Principal Carrier Of Freight In
Land
• Transports Heavy Goods For
Long Distance (>300km)
Categories Of Railway
1. Truck Routes
2. Main Line
3. Branch Line
 Types Of Railway
1. Surface
2. Underground
3. Elevated
 Types Of Locomotives
1. Diesel
2. Electric

17. ADVANTAGES OF
RAILWAYS
DISADVANTAGES OF
RAILWAYS
 GOODS CARRYING
CAPACITY IS HIGH
 IT IS NOT FLEXIBLE.
 SPEED IS HIGH COMPARE
TO ROADWAYS
 IT DEPENDENT ON
ROADWAY
 CHEAPER THEN
AIRWAYS
 TRAIN RUNS AS PER
SCHEDULES
 COMFORTABLE FOR
LONG DISTANCE TRAVEL
 MAINTAINANCE COST IS
HIGH
 IT INCRESES TRADE,
COMMERS AND BUSINESS
 IT PERMITS DEFINITE
MODE OF TRANSPORT

18. It is relatively economical mode of transport for bulk and heavy
goods.
It is safe mode of transport with respect to occurrence of accidents.
The cost of maintaining and construction routes is very low most of
them are naturally made.
It promotes international trade.
Disadvantage.
The depth and navigability of rivers and canals vary and thus affect
operation of different transport vessels.
 It is slow moving mode of transport and therefore not suitable for
transport of perishable goods.

19. Advantages,
It is the fastest mode of transport.
It is very useful in transporting goods and passengers to areas
which are not accessible by any other means.
It provides vital support to the national security and defense.
It is the most convenient mode of transport during natural
disaster.
Disadvantages ;
It is relatively more expensive mode of transport.
It is not suitable by adverse weather condition.
It is not suitable for short distance travel.
In case of accidents, it results in heavy losses of goods,
property and life.

20. • Only for freight transportation,
• Include supporting facilities (pumping and exchange
stations).
•Sends goods (commonly liquid and gaseous)through a pipe
•Common goods transported by pipe are: petroleum,
natural gas, water, beer, swage, ...
•Require high intial capital investiment but low operation
cost due to computerized system
.

21. • Transportation develops because of several and frequently
overlapping factors.
• The chief pre-occupation of the first human was the procurement
of food, shelter and sometimes clothing.
• As they become more highly developed their needs increased,
often beyond what their local economy could supply.
• Means of transporting goods from distant places had to be devised,
adding to the costs of the goods there by secured.
• The need for transporting individuals over wider areas also arose.

22. • The geographical location of natural resources determines
the transport routes that gives access to those resources and
create economic utility,
• That is, time and place utility, by taking them from a location
where they have little values to processing and consuming
areas where their values is vastly increased.
• Political polices frequently play a deciding role in transport
development.

23. • The military of a nation is primarily intended to support its
political polices and to provide for national defense.
• Consequently, often it has direct influence on transport
development.
• Progress in direct and supporting technologies has played an
obvious role in transportation,
• For instance introduction of new economical transportation
mode than the existing system calls for the development of
transportation.

24. • The competitive advise have given a powerful impetus to
transport development.
• Railroads compete with trucks, barges, pipelines and airlines.
• Airlines have counted heavily on speed but have also been
forced to greater safety and dependability to meet ground
transport competition.
• Bituminous material competes with concrete as the road
surface.
• Diesel won steam but may face competition with electricity.

25. • The rapid growth of urban areas by an even more rapidly
expanding population is a phenomenon that cannot be
overlooked among transport development factors.
• Accessibility to land and the intensity of land use are closely
related to transport availability.

26.  Economic and environmental impacts of transport
•Economic impact:
Key component of growth and globalization
Infrastructure building and operation of transport consumes
huge amount of capital
Traffic safety
•Environmental impact:
 infrastructure building consumes huge amount of land
Transport is largest drainer of energy
Air pollution
Traffic noise

27. Ethiopian Transport System

28. THE END OF THE CHAPTER
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29. Chapter-2. Transport planning
• Transport planning is a science that seeks to study the
problem that arise in providing transportation facilities and to
prepare systematic basis for planning such facilities.
• This planning will related to the operation of the highway
system, geometry, and operation of traffic facilities
• Good land use minimizes the need for transport: keeps
common activities close to people home, places high density
development closer to high capacity transport facilities
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30. •Transport facilities consume significant amount of land in
urban areas: pavement (streets and parking) consumes more
than 20% of total land area – good transport planning reduces
land wastage
Simply transport planning is an Activities that:
 Collect information on performance
 Identify existing and forecast future system
performance levels
 Identify solutions
Focus: meet existing and forecast travel demand

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 Transportation planning is needed because of
 Increased demand of new facilities and services
 Huge investments in transportation projects
 Land use development
 Many alternatives exist for any transportation project

32. Function Of Transportation Planning
•To identify highway system component
• To define transportation planning
•To recall the process and purpose of construction planning,
design
• To identify 4 models of transportation
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33.  Important Of Transportation Planning
• Efficiency – to achieve efficient management and better
management of existing resources
 Effective use of transportation system
 Uses of technology
 Land use and resource controlling
• Quality :-To reduce a negative impact to the traffic that
produce a pollution
• Equity :- to meet travel demand and response for all
communities

34.  TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PERIOD
• Short Term (Action Plan) :- review matters that can be
completed within three years and involve high costs.
 Example: program an engineers to optimize the use of
existing transportation systems by installing various
traffic control devices such as signs and signals
• Long Term ( ≥ 5 years) :- This type of planning is more
structured and complicated and it must be designed better
than short term planning
urban transportation planning process involves
planning the next 20 to 25 year

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Basic elements of transportation planning
•The transportation planning process comprises seven basic
elements,
1. Situation definition
2. Problem definition
3. Search for solutions
4. Analysis of performance
5. Evaluation of alternatives
6. Choice of project
7. Specification and construction

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Each elements transport planning are :
■Interrelated
■Not necessarily carried out sequentially or they are
interdependent.
■ The information acquired in one phase of the process may
be helpful in some earlier or later phase, so there is a
continuity of effort that should eventually result in a decision

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1 . Situation Definition
Involves all of the activities required to understand the
situation that gave rise to the perceived need for a
transportation improvement
 The present system is analyzed, and its characteristics are
described
 Information about the surrounding area, its people, and
their travel habits may be obtained.
 Previous reports and studies that may be relevant to the
present situation are reviewed

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2 . Problem Definition :
■ To describe the problem in terms of the objectives to be
accomplished by the project
■ To translate those objectives into criteria that that can be used to
quantify the extent to which a proposed transportation project will
achieve the stated objective ( measures of effectiveness ).
■ Identified the characteristics of an acceptable system
 Constraints placed on the project (e.g. physical limitation
[presence of other structures ] )
 Design standards (e.g., bridge width, clearances)

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4. Analysis of Performance:
To estimate performance of proposed alternatives under present
and future conditions.
• Determination of the investment cost of building the
transportation project, as well as annual costs for maintenance
and operation.
• Involves the use of mathematical models for estimating travel
demand.
• Determine use of the system (such as trip length, travel by
time of day, and vehicle occupancy)
• Environmental effects are estimated

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5. Evaluation of Alternatives:
How well each alternative will achieve the objectives of the project as
defined by the criteria.
• Performance data produced in the analysis phase are used to compute
the benefits and costs that will result if the project is selected.
6. Choice of Project:
It is made after considering all the factors involved.
■Whether the factors were a single criterion such as cost (select the
lower cost)
■In more complex projects other factors might be considered, selection
is based on how the results are perceived by those involved in decision
making

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7. Specifications and construction
Detailed design phase in which each of the components of the
facility is specified.
■This involves its physical location, geometric dimensions, and
structural configuration.

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45. • Project work max mark 10%
• Evaluation process summit the term paper and presentation by
preparing the ppt.
Make group of four student per group & Follow all the basic elements
of transport planning and write the term paper on the following title
1. The effect of land use on transport planning
2. Reducing urban traffic congestion
3. Improving the transportation movement in urban area
4. Introducing new transport mode where the mode is not exist
5. Redaction of traffic accident in urban area
6. Integrated Land Use Planning in sustainable transportation planning
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