9. Micro Linguistics
Phonetics: the study of the physical
properties of sounds of human language.
Phonology: the study of sounds as
discrete, abstract elements in the
speaker’s mind that distinguish meaning.
10. Micro Linguistics
Morphology: the study of internal
structure of words and how they can
modified.
Syntax: the study of how words combine
to form grammatical sentences.
11. Micro Linguistics
Semantics: the study of the meaning of
words (lexical semantics) and fixed word
combinations and how these combine to
form the meanings of sentences.
Pragmatics: the study of how utterance
are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise)
in communicative acts.
12. Macro Linguistics
Psycholinguistics: the study of the
cognitive processes and representations
underlying language use.
Sociolinguistics: the study of social
patterns and norms of linguistics
variability.
13. Macro Linguistics
Neurolinguistics: the study of the brain
networks that underlie grammar and
communication.
Discourse Analysis: the analysis of
language use in text (spoken, written, or
signed).
14. Macro Linguistics
Linguistics: linguistics is concerned with
human language as a universal and
recognizable part of human behavior and of
the human abilities.
Applied Linguistics: is the branch of
linguistics that is most concerned with
application of concepts in everyday life,
including language-teaching.