This presentation gives the result of the emerging issues analysis of the SESTI project on the energy domain in 2010. It provides the questions around 5 of the less well known future sustainable options/risks that were discussed in the project. The topics that were addressed are still worth while to review today. These topics were : 1. Enhancement of the photosynthetic cycle on global scale to provide all food, energy and maintain biodiversity (briefly biomimics) 2. Use of desert areas for gaining solar energy (the DESERTEC scheme) 3. Hybrid nuclear fission-fusion to speed up nuclear fusion 4. The unknown risks of going deeper and further for energy mining 5. The unknown risks of and hydrogen leaking economy

1. SESTI results energy 28 June 2011 Brussels Victor van Rij MinistryOCW/AWT

2. SESTI results energy Victor van Rij Senior Stafmember Council for Science and Technology 28-6-2011 Brussels

3. THE ENORMOUS ENRGY OF THE SUN

7. The Bio-mimics leading principle renewable energy ARTIFICIAL FOTOSYNTHESIS ?? NATURAL FOTOSYNTHESIS ENHACEMENT Elysia chloroti CHLOROPLAST

9. CLIMATE CHANGE The problem of additional CO2 in the C-cycle

10. The problem growing C- Fuel production GROWING GLOBAL ENERGY NEED

11. Heath-transport-Industry 8,4 Gtoe Electri City 1,458 GToe solar C-fuel 12,2 Gtoe Non-C-energy 1 Gtoe eq wind hydro nuclear Geo thermo The present situation 2008 Geosphere Biosphere Atmosphere Tidal -wave C-mat C-fuel 1,2 Gtoe C-fuel 11 Gtoe 1,5 Gtoe

12. Sun light Fossil Atmosphere and hydrosphere 149 Gt C 7,3 Gt C 7,3 Gt C Food for all life Carbon Carbon 0,7 Gt eq C 1Gt ? 0,7 Gt C THE YEARLY CARBON FLUX 2008 148 Gt C + 0,7 Gt C Geosphere Biosphere 148Gt C Human food + 0,5 Gt C

13. Sun light Fossil Atmosphere and hydrosphere 149 Gt C + 8 Gt C + 1 Gt C 1 Gt C Food for all life 148 Gt C Carbon Carbon 2Gt ? + 7 Gt C SUNNY SCENARIO YEARLY CARBON FLUX 2050 148 Gt C Geosphere Biosphere Enhanced C Cycle More non C-energy + Electrification 2 - 3 Gt eq C Human food More sequestration + 7 Gt C + 0,7 Gt C

14. Heath-transport-Industry 8,4 Gtoe Electri City 2,5 GToe solar C-fuel 11,0 Gtoe Non-C-energy 3 Gtoe eq wind hydro nuclear Geo thermo The sunny scenario 2050 Geosphere Biosphere Atmosphere Tidal -wave C-mat C-fuel 9,5 Gtoe C-fuel 1,5 Gtoe 3,0 Gtoe

15. Figure ES.1 North American carbon sources and sinks (million tons of carbon per year) in 2003. Height of a bar indicates a best estimate for net carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the indicated element of the North American carbon budget. Sources add CO2 to the atmosphere; sinks remove it. Error bars indicate the uncertainty in that estimate, and define the range of values that include the actual value with 95% certainty. See Chapter 3 and Chapters 6-15 of this report for details and discussion of these sources and sinks . The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR) The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle

18. CO 2 NETTO FLOW OF US REGIONS

19. GLOBAL BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Some ecosystems catch much more C- than others - the same applies for agricultural systems - smart choices in land use or even reforming ecosystems to more c-fixating properties should be considered

22. Renewables from deserts (DESERTEC)

28. Hybrid nuclear energy, box of Pandora or salvation University of Texas, Austin The US LIFE project

32. The unknown risk of Hydrogen economy SESTI workshop energy emerging issues 29 november 2010 Background Paper for SESTI Workshop on Cognitive Enhancement how does H2 fit in these reactions

37. Deeper and further known and unknown risks

42. 07/12/11 SESTI presentation at the FTA 2011 conference Past Workshop (experts/stakeholders)