3. INTRODUCTION
BASIC DEFINITION
PHOTOGRAMMETRY IS THE SCIENCE AND ART OF DETERMINING THE
SIZE AND SHAPE OF OBJECTS BY MEANS OF ANALYSING IMAGES
RECORDED ON FILM OR ELECTRONIC MEDIA.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY HAS BEEN DEFINED BY THE
“AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE
SENSING”(ASPRS) AS THE ART SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
OF OBTAINING RELIABLE INFORMATION ABOUT PHYSICAL
OBJECTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH PROCESSES OF
RECORDING,MEASURING AND INTERPRETING
PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES AND PATTERNS OF RECORDED
RADIANT EM ENERGY AND OTHER PHENOMENA.
4. Relationships of the Mapping Sciences as they relate
to Mathematics and Logic, and the Physical,
Biological, and Social Sciences
6. Photogrammetric Types
Photogrammetric Types from Applications Point of View (d is distance
from camera to object)
Close Range Photogrammetry d<10 m
Terrestrial Photogrammetry 10 m<d<100 m
Aerial Photogrammetry 2 km<d<10 km
Space Photogrammetry 30 km<d
7. Types of Images
• Panchromatic, Black & White, Grayscale
• Color RGB
• Multispectral
• Hyperspectral
8. Types of photographs
(categorized by tilt)
TILT:-
TILT IS AN ANGLE BETWEEN THE
OPTICAL AXIS OF THE CAMERA AND
THE PLUMB LINE OR IT IS ALSO THE
ANGLE BETWEEN THE GROUND PLANE
AND THE PHOTO PLANE.
9. Types of photographs
(categorized by tilt)
•Vertical - camera axis as nearly
vertical as Possible
•Oblique - camera axis
intentionally tilted
•Low Oblique
•High Oblique
10. VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPH->
IT IS OBTAINED WHEN THE CAMERA ‘S OPTICAL
AXIS IS WITHIN 3 DEGREE OF BEING VERTICAL
TO THE EARTH’S AXIS.
LOW OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPH->
OBTAINED WHEN THE CAMERA’S OPTICAL AXIS
DEVIATES MORE
THAN 3 DEGREE FROM VERTICAL AXIS.& HORIZON IS
NOT VISIBLE
HIGH OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPH->
DEVIATES MUCH MORE (AROUND 60 DEGREE)
AND HERE HORIZON IS VISIBLE
17. OVERLAPPING IN AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPH
OVERLAP:
OVERLAP INCLUDES THE AMOUNT OF PHOTOGRAPH IN
WHICH ONE PHOTOGRAPH INCLUDES SAME AREA COVERED
BY ANOTHER AND IS CUSTOMARILY EXPRESSED AS A
PERCENTAGE.
FORWARD OVERLAP AND SIDE OVERLAP:
20. Advantages Photogrammetry
• Extracting geometrical information
and producing maps.
• Cheaper than terrestrial methods.
• Extracting qualitative information.
• High speed of map generation.
• Cover areas quickly
21. CONCLUSION
Close-range photogrammetry is being used more and
more as a technique for measuring and modelling
objects. It is relatively quick and easy to set up,
requiring, in its simplest form, simply a digital camera
and a compatible software product. In this project
there has been an introduction to close
photogrammetry and some of its applications, leading
to an investigation into how the accuracy of object
coordinates can be optimized through the network
design of camera stations, with a particular focus on
the elements of a camera network which strengthen or
weaken it.