This document discusses various types of anemia classified by their pathogenesis: decreased red blood cell production due to nutrient deficiencies, bone marrow disorders, or increased destruction/loss of red blood cells from bleeding, hemolytic conditions, or red blood cell membrane/hemoglobin defects. The top six anemias discussed are iron deficiency, megaloblastic, aplastic, immune hemolytic, and those caused by defective red blood cell membranes or hemoglobin. Clinical indicators for diagnosing different anemia types include mean corpuscular volume, reticulocyte count, iron/B12/folate levels, and symptoms.
2. ….. foundation of clinical medicine
Shashidhar Venkatesh Murthy
A/Prof & Head of Pathology
College of Medicine & Dentistry
Clinical Pathology:
RBC 15: Anemia Summary
7. MCV
Microcytic Normocytic Macrocytic
Iron studies - Ferritin
Low Normal/high
IDA ACD / Thalassemia
Reticulocyte count
high low ACD /
Aplastic anemia
Hemolytic anemia or
blood loss
Measure B12 + folate
Megaloblastic
Normal Low
Anemia clinical DiagnosisHistory & Exam:
Cong / Acq.?
Acute / Chronic?
Hemolysis?
< 80 80-100 >100
8.
9. Sideroblastic anemia:
Group of disorders anemia with sideroblasts
(+ve iron). Suggesting lack of Iron utilization.
Microcytic Hypochromic anemia.(Macrocytic/dimorphic)
Two major types:
Congenital: X-Linked, mitochondial etc.
Acquired : Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)
Copper & Vit. B6 deficiency. Lead poisoning
Alcoholism, Drugs, Idiopathic.
Porphyria:
Excess porphyrin secretion.
Acute abdominal pain
Neuropathy etc.
Iron
Iron stain: blue
10. Polycythemia: (high Hb)
Relative or spurious erythrocytosis
Dehydration: Diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics,
excess alcohol. etc.
Absolute erythrocytosis (True ):
Secondary: Tissue Hypoxia: Smoking (CO),
High altitude, Lung disease. Cardiac shunts,
High O2 affinity Hb.
High Erythropoietin – Paraneoplastic
Syndromes, Androgen therapy.
Primary - Polycythemia Rubra vera:
Myeloproliferative disorder: Neoplastic
proliferation of erythroid cells in bone
marrow – old age, hepatosplenomegaly.
10
Hb, skin flushing &
Hepatosplenomegaly
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