2.  Throughout the Cultural Revolution, China continued
to play a part in the international politics of the Cold
War.
 At a time when Mao was stressing Communist purity
in China, his foreign policy with the USSR moved from
an alliance to bitter hostility.
 This led China to eventually forge ties with its former
enemy, the United States.

3.  Tensions between the Soviet and
Chinese Communists dated back to
the 1930s, when Russia supported
Chiang Kai-shek over Mao.
 In the beginning the People's
Republic, Russia and China appeared
to stand together.
 In 1950 Mao signed a Treaty of
Friendship with the Soviet Union, it
offered China a sense of security
against American attack.
 But almost immediately the Sino-
Soviet alliance began to show signs
of strain.

4.  In the mid-1950s a growing
ideological divide emerged between
Russia and China over the definition
of Communism and how best to
deal with the West.
 While China favored continued
aggression towards "imperialist"
nations, the USSR began to consider
"peaceful coexistence" with the
United States.
 Soon the ideological differences
took on national dimensions, as
both the Chinese and Soviets fought
for territory and control of
Communist satellite states.

5.  One result of the split
 China was forced to
find its own way in
scientific
research….Russia
removed scientists
from China
 China’s first atomic
bomb developed in
1964.

6.  What was/were the key issue(s) that divided The USSR
and The People’s Republic of China?
 If you were President Nixon witnessing this divide,
how could you take advantage of the situation?

7.  The United States watched
the split with satisfaction
 The US tried to establish
links to China
 “The enemy of my enemy is
my friend”
 The US lifted trade
restrictions on China in 1969
Richard Nixon agreed to allow China to the UN
This opened the door to warmer US/China relations

8.  Mao dies September
9,1976
 Successor Deng Xiaoping
 A cautious reformer
 Wanted to lead China
down a less dramatic
economic path
 Introduced the Four
Modernizations

9.  Four Modernizations
 Industry
 Education
 Technology
 Defense
•Open Door
Policy
-Deng’s belief that
to modernize
China's industry
and boost its
economy it needed
to welcome foreign
direct investment
- US gave China “most
favored nation”
trading status in 1992

10.  China’s population reached
over one billion in 1977.
 In 1981 Deng launched a
campaign to restrict families
to just one child except under
special circumstances.
 Would be punished with fines
and withdrawal of some health
and education benefits.

11.  Modernization program transformed life in China’s costal
countries.
 The amount of exported goods multiplied five times over
between 1981-1991
 Economic growth rates grew 10% per year.
 GDP (measure of all goods produced) increased four times.

12.  Hong Kong originally seized by the British after the first
Opium War in 1842
 Hong Kong had been a reminder of China’s 19th century
weakness and was a center of wealth and prosperity for
British.
 Was handed back to the Chinese in 1997 after a 99 year lease.

13.  1986 waves of student protests and demonstrations for
human rights, loss of jobs and rising crime rates.
 Citizens gathered in Tiananmen Square for over a month in
the face of news cameras and the government.
 June 23, 1986 As students became more outspoken the
government responded with tanks and troops. Soldiers
had orders to fire
 The students had been removed from the square and/or
arrested.
 China continues to be accused of UN Human Rights
violations.

15.  Two China’s
• Educated citizens growing
by
1% per year
• Citizens increasingly
urban,
better educated and
nourished
• Average living conditions
increased 25%
• Greater consumer goods
• Stronger relations with
Western democracies
•Population growth slowed, but most
populous with 1.2 billion
• Populations live on 1/6 of land area
• High pollution
• Authoritarian government
• religious intolerance
• Restrictions on free speech and
media
• Lack of judicial process
• Torture in prisons
Economic Social/Political