The document summarizes recent neutrino oscillation results from the T2K experiment. It begins with a brief history of neutrino discoveries and introduces the concept of neutrino oscillations. It then describes the T2K experiment, including the neutrino beam produced at J-PARC, the near detectors that characterize the beam, and the large far detector in Korea. The document presents the T2K collaboration's latest neutrino oscillation results and concludes by summarizing the current understanding of neutrino oscillations.
1. Son
V.
Cao
-‐ Kyoto
University
(On
behalf
of
the
T2K
collaboration
)
Recent
neutrino
oscillation
results
from
T2K
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN
² Introduction
to
𝜈 oscillations
² Introduction
to
T2K
experiment
² T2K
latest
results
² Summary
2. Brief
neutrino
history
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN 2
Credit
to
APS
² 1930:
On-‐paper
appearance
as
“desperate”
remedy
by
W.
Pauli
² 1956:
first
experimentally
discovered
by
Reines
and
Cowan
² 1962:
existence
confirmed
by
Lederman
et
al.
² 1998:
Atmospheric
neutrino
oscillations
discovered
by
Super-‐K
² 2000:
first
evidence
reported
by
DONUT
experiment
² 2001:
Solar
neutrino
oscillations
detected
by
SNO
(KamLAND
2002)
² 2011:
transitions
observed
by
OPERA
² 2011-‐13:
by
T2K,
deficit
observed
by
Daya Bay(2012)
² 2015:
Nobel
prizes
for
𝜈 oscillations,
Breakthrough
prize
(2016)
¯⌫e
⌫µ
⌫⌧
⌫µ ! ⌫⌧
⌫µ ! ⌫e ¯⌫e ! ¯⌫e
2015
T2K
observe
𝜈 𝜇 à𝜈e
appearance
Nobel & Breakthrough
for
𝜈 oscillations
3. Standard
Model
&
neutrino
oscillations
37/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN
Source:
AAAS
0
@
⌫e
⌫µ
⌫⌧
1
A =
0
@
1 0 0
0 c23 s23
0 s23 c23
1
A
0
@
c12 s12 0
s12 c12 0
0 0 1
1
A
0
@
c13 0 s13e i CP
0 1 0
s13ei CP
0 c13
1
A
0
@
⌫1
⌫2
⌫3
1
APontecorvo
(1957)
Maki,
Nakagawa
Sakata
(1962)
Majorana
(1937)
Standard
Model:
² Neutrinos
interact
through
the
weak
interaction
² Lepton
flavor
is
strictly
conserved
² Neutrinos
have
zero
mass
Neutrino
oscillations:
² Indicate
massive
neutrinos
² Mix
flavor
and
mass
eigenstates
² Beyond
Standard
Model
Flavor
eigenstates Mass
eigenstates
4. Standard
Model
&
neutrino
oscillations
Standard
Model:
² Neutrinos
interact
through
the
weak
interaction
² Lepton
flavor
is
strictly
conserved
² Neutrinos
have
zero
mass
Neutrino
oscillations:
² Indicate
massive
neutrinos
² Mix
flavor
and
mass
eigenstates
² Beyond
Standard
Model
47/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN
Reactors
/
acceleratorSolar /
reactors
0
@
⌫e
⌫µ
⌫⌧
1
A =
0
@
1 0 0
0 c23 s23
0 s23 c23
1
A
0
@
c12 s12 0
s12 c12 0
0 0 1
1
A
0
@
c13 0 s13e i CP
0 1 0
s13ei CP
0 c13
1
A
0
@
⌫1
⌫2
⌫3
1
A
Source:
AAAS
cij = cos ✓ij, sij = sin ✓ij
Atmospherics
/
Accelerators
6. T2K
experiment
7/14/16 6PASCOS
2016,
Quy Nhon,
VN
² Long-‐baseline
neutrino
experiment,
located
in
Japan
² Large
collaboration:
~400
physicists
from
61
institutes/
11
nations
² Rich
programs:
standard
neutrino
oscillations
(this
talk),
non-‐standard
physics
search
(Phillip’s
talk),
neutrino
interactions
(David’s
talk)
7. J-‐PARC
neutrino
beam
line
7/14/16
² High
intensity,
almost
pure
muon (anti)
neutrino
beam
from
J-‐PARC
7PASCOS
2016,
Quy Nhon,
VN
² 30
GeV p
extracted
from
J-‐PARC
main
ring,
impinge
on
90-‐cm,
graphite
target
² Induced
𝜋+ (𝜋-‐)
focused
by
three
horns,
pass
through
a
96-‐m
decay
pile
² Beam
dump
to
stop
all
particles
except
neutrinos
and
high-‐energy
muons
² Muon monitor,
downstream
of
beam
dump,
to
monitor
beam
intensity
and
direction
by
measuring
induced
muon profile.
1.9 ⇥ int
8. Beam
power
and
data
accumulation
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN 8
!-mode POT: 7.57×1020 (50.14%)
!-mode POT: 7.53×1020 (49.86%)
27 May 2016
POT total: 1.510×1021
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
² Beam
power
steadily
increased
to
420
kW
² 1.5x1021 Protons-‐on-‐target
(POT)
accumulated.
Data
sample
for
results
presented
today:
² Neutrino-‐mode:
6.91x1020 POT
² Antineutrino-‐mode:
7.53x1020
POT
(approx.
2
x
1st T2K
antineutrino
results)
9. Neutrino
flux
inference
7/14/16
² High
intensity,
almost
pure
muon (anti)
neutrino
beam
from
J-‐PARC
9PASCOS
2016,
Quy Nhon,
VN
² To
infer
neutrino
flux,
knowledge
of
hadron
production
at
target
needed
² Constrained
by
external
data
from
NA61/SHINE
Flux
uncertainty
~
10%
Neutrino
mode Antineutrino
mode
< 1%(⌫e/⌫e) < 1%(⌫e/⌫e)
T2K
Far
Detector
T2K
Far
Detector
T2K
Far
Detector
T2K
Far
Detector
(Beam
modes
changed
by
switching
horn
polarity)
10. Near
Detectors
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN 10
² Near
Detector
complex
is
280m
downstream
of
target
On-‐axis
(called
INGRID)
Measure
𝜈 beam
intensity
&
profile:
16
scintillator-‐steel
interleaved
modules
(7.1
tons/each)
Off-‐axis
(called
ND280)
Understand
unoscillated 𝜈 beam:
further
constrain
flux
and
cross-‐
section
parameters
11. Near
Detectors
measurements
11
Day
[events/1e14POT]
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Event rate
Horn250kA
Horn205kA
Horn-250kA
[mrad]
1−
0.5−
0
0.5
Horizontal beam direction INGRID
MUMON
Day
[mrad]
1−
0.5−
0
0.5
1
Vertical beam direction INGRID
MUMON
T2K Run1
Jan.2010-Jun.2010
T2K Run2
Nov.2010-Mar.2011
T2K Run3
Mar.2012-Jun.2012
T2K Run4
Oct.2012-May.2013
T2K Run5
May.2014
-Jun.2014
T2K Run6
Oct.2014-June.2015
T2K Run7
Feb.2016-May.2016
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy Nhon,
VN
Operating
stably
Beam
intensity/profile
Constrain
flux
&
𝜈-‐int.
model
Prefit =
No
ND280
data
Postfit =
ND280
data
included
Cross-‐section
parameters
Off-‐axis
neutrino
energy
strongly
depend
on
beam
direction
(1mrad ~ 2% shift of peak energy)
Data
used
as
much
as
possible
to
constrain
𝜈-‐int.
model
12. Far
Detector,
Super-‐Kamiokande
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN 12
(GeV)νE
0 1 2 3
(A.U.)295km
µνΦ
0
0.5
1 °OA 0.0
°OA 2.0
°OA 2.5
0 1 2 3
)eν→µνP(
0.05
0.1
= 0CP
δNH, = 0CP
δIH,
/2π=CP
δNH, /2π=CP
δIH,
0 1 2 3
)µν→µνP(
0.5
1
= 1.023θ22
sin
= 0.113θ22
sin
2
eV-3
10×= 2.432
2
m∆
Partice ID parameter
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Super Kamiokande IV 2166.5 days : Monitoring
e-like muon-like
Numberofevents
² Muon and
electron
are
well-‐separated
à identify
𝜈 𝜇/𝜈$ with
high
purity
² Super-‐K
is
2.50 off
the
beam’s
axis
to
achieve
narrow
band
beam
peaked
at
oscillation
maximum
(0.6
GeV)
(atmospheric
𝜈 data)
Super-‐Kamiokande
(41.4
m
tall
x
39.3m
diameter)
22.5
ktons fiducial volume
1000m
underground
⌫µ + n ! µ + p
⌫e + n ! e + p
13. Oscillation
parameters
extracted
from
T2K
data
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN 13
NH:
Normal
𝜈 mass
hierarchy
IH:
Inverted
𝜈 mass
hierarchy
*Reactor
constraint
used
as
prior
if
is
applied
sin2
2✓13 = 0.085 ± 0.005
Disappearance
channel,
sensitive
to
𝜃23 &
∆ 𝑚()
)
Appearance
channel,
sensitive
to
𝜃13 &
𝛿CP
⌫µ candiate ⌫µ candiate
⌫e candiate
⌫e candiate
14. 7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN 14
*Reactor
constraint
used
as
prior
if
is
applied
sin2
2✓13 = 0.085 ± 0.005
Disappearance
channel,
sensitive
to
𝜃23 &
∆ 𝑚()
)
Appearance
channel,
sensitive
to
𝜃13 &
𝛿CP
⌫µ candiate ⌫µ candiate
⌫e candiate
⌫e candiate
² Today
result:
All
𝜈/𝜈̅ samples
are
combined
to
extract
oscillation
parameters.
The
𝜈 and
𝜈̅ are
treated
identically.
² Different
approaches
for
statistical
treatment:
o Frequentist and
Bayesian
o Fit
on
reconstructed
E 𝜈 or
momentum/angle
of
induced
leptons
² They
agree
with
each
other
Oscillation
parameters
extracted
from
T2K
data
15. Results:
𝜃23 &
∆ 𝑚()
)
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN
² Since
2014,
mainly
taking
data
in
𝜈̅ mode
(run
5-‐7)
² 𝜈 𝜇 disappearance
behaves
consistently
w/
𝜈, disappearance
² Result
consistent
with
maximal
mixing,
the
world’s
highest
precision
𝜃23
measurement
² Slightly
favor
normal
mass
hierarchy
15
Normal MH
(𝛥𝝌2
best-‐fit=0.0)
Inverted MH
(𝛥𝝌2
best-‐fit=2.66)
sin2 𝜃23 0.53245.565
75.588 0.53445.5:;
75.58<
∆𝑚()
)
/104(
(eV2) 2.54545.5?)
75.5?8
2.51045.5?(
75.5?)
𝜈:
6.91x1020 POT
+
𝜈̅:
7.53x1020
POT
T2K
Run1-‐7b
preliminary
T2K
Run1-‐7b
preliminary
16. Results:
𝜃13 &
𝛿CP
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN 16
T2K
data
only
T2K
data
+
reactor
² Shows
for
two
cases:
(i)
T2K
data
only
&
(ii)
T2K
data
w/
reactor
constraint
² Mass
hierarchy
is
fixed,
either
normal
or
inverted
and
compute
independently
² Measured
𝜃13 w/
T2K
data
only
(top
plot)
agrees
with
reactor
measurement
² With
reactor
constraint,
data
exclude
positive
value
of
𝛿CP
at
~90%
C.L.
17. Results:
𝛿CP
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN 17
T2K
+
reactorObservation
Sensitivity
² Slightly
favor
𝛿CP =
-‐ 𝜋/2
² Measured
𝛥 𝝌2
is
marginally
different
than
the
expected
one
² It
is
due
to
difference
btw/
observed
data
and
expectation,
specifically
² 𝜈$ appearance
is
larger
than
expected
² 𝜈$B “appearance”
is
smaller
than
expected
18. Summary
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN
² Results
with
𝜈/𝜈̅ combined
data
shown
o Consistent
with
𝜃23 maximal
mixing
o Slightly
prefer
normal
mass
hierarchy
o Slightly
favor
𝛿CP =
-‐ 𝜋/2
𝛿CP =
[-‐3.02,
-‐0.49]
(NH),
[-‐1.87,
-‐0.98]
(IH)
at
90%
C.L.
à More
statistics
are
needed
² J-‐PARC
beam
power
has
steadily
increased
up
to
420
kW
² Accumulated
exposure
of
1.5x1021
POT
(~20%
of
T2K
total
approved
running)
Stay
tuned
for
upcoming
results
from
T2K
18
20. T2K
Phase
2
proposal
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN
² Approved
T2K
statistics,
7.8
x1021
POT,
can
be
accumulated
by
JFY2020
² Hyper-‐K
and
DUNE
are
expected
to
start
around
2026
² T2K
Phase
2,
if
extended
to
JFY2026,
collects
~
20x1021 POT
² Neutrino
beamlineupgrade
&
analysis
improvements
(SK
fiducial
volume,
add
new
event
sample)
à Effectively
add 50%
statistics
² Reduction
of
systematic
uncertainties
to
enhance
CPV
sensitivity
20
Number
of
events
expected
at
T2K
far
detector
with
full
proposed
T2K
Phase
2
exposure
J-‐PARC
Main
Ring
expected
beam
power
&
T2K
Phase
2
accumulation
scenario
21. T2K
Phase
2
sensitivity
to
CPV
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN 21
)21
Protons-on-Target (x10
0 5 10 15 20
=0CPδtoexcludesin2
χ∆
0
5
10
15 =0.4323
θ2
True sin
=0.5023
θ2
True sin
=0.6023
θ2
True sin
90% C.L.
99% C.L.
C.L.σ3
w/ eff. stat. improvements (no sys. errors)
w/ eff. stat. & sys. improvements
Work in Progress
)°(CP
δTrue
200− 100− 0 100 200
=0CPδtoexcludesin2
χ∆
0
5
10
15
20
=0.4323θ2
True sin
=0.5023θ2
True sin
=0.6023θ2
True sin
90% C.L.
99% C.L.
C.L.σ3
POT w/ eff. stat. & sys. improvements21
20x10
POT w/ 2016 sys. errs.21
7.8x10
Work in Progress
CP =
⇡
2
² >
3 𝜎 significance
sensitivity
to
CP
violation
if
𝛿CP=
-‐ 𝜋/2
² 99%
C.L.
significance
for
more
than
45%
of
the
possible
true
values
of
𝛿CP
² 1%
precision
of
𝛥m2
23,
0.5o
-‐ 1.7o
precision
of
𝜃23
depending
on
its
true
value,
~3𝜎 significance
for
resolving
𝜃23
octant
if
sin2 𝜃23
>0.6
or
sin2 𝜃23
<0.43
23
θ2
sin
0.4 0.5 0.6
32
2
m∆
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3−
10×
Current POT , 90% C.L
POT, 90% C.L21
7.8x10
POT w/improvement, 90% C.L21
20x10
Stat. only
Systematics
Work in Progress
True sin2
✓23 = 0.6
22. Bayesian
posterior
probability
7/14/16 22
NSK/NSK
NH IH Sum
sin2θ23≤0.5 21.8% 7.2% 29.0%
sin2θ23>0.5 53.9% 18.1% 71.0%
Sum 74.7% 25.3% 100%
Bayesian
w/
MCMC
(Erec)
(Plep/𝜃lep)
² Prefer
normal
mass
hierarchy
and
higher
octant
Bayesian
w/
likelihood
fit
(Erec)
PASCOS
2016,
Quy Nhon,
VN
Frequentist
(Erec for
𝜈 𝜇/𝜈, )
(Erec/ 𝜃lep for
𝜈$ /𝜈$B )
23. Backup:
Data
fit
vs
sensitivity
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN 23
10k
toys 10k
toys
² Toy
experiments
at
true
values
of
𝛿CP
&
MH
generated
to
understand
data
fit
outcomes
² Probability
to
exclude
𝛿CP
=
(0,
𝜋)
is
evaluated
² Data
agree
w/
𝛿CP =
-‐1.76
(~-‐𝜋/2),
normal
MH
at
2 𝜎 level
and
probability
to
exclude
𝛿CP
=0
is
non-‐negligible
(>8%)
True:
𝛿CP =
-‐1.76,
normal
MHTrue:
𝛿CP =
0,
normal
MH
Prop.
(%)
to
exclude
True
para.
𝛿CP =
-‐1.76,
NH
True
para.
𝛿CP =
0,
NH
90%
CL 2𝝈 90%
CL 2𝝈
𝛿CP =0,
NH 18.7 8.9 10.2 4.7
𝛿CP =𝜋,
NH 16.3 6.8 13.4 6.5
29. Neutrino
oscillations
² Now
well-‐understood
phenomenon
² Quantum
mechanical
mixing
between
mass
and
flavor
eigenstates
|⌫↵(0)i = U↵i|⌫i(0)i
↵ = e, µ, ⌧ i = 1, 2, 3
|⌫ (t)i = U j|⌫j(t)i
= e, µ, ⌧ j = 1, 2, 3
|⌫↵(0)i |⌫ (t)i
U⇤
↵i U j
e mit
Credit
to
Boris
K.
297/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN
30. Neutrino
oscillations
Probability
(in
vacuum):
*
Abbreviated
after
Pontecorvo,
Maki,
Nakagawa,
Sakata
UPMNS =
0
@
1 0 0
0 c23 s23
0 s23 c23
1
A
0
@
c13 0 s13e i CP
0 1 0
s13ei CP
0 c13
1
A
0
@
c12 s12 0
s12 c12 0
0 0 1
1
A
Atmospherics
/
Accelerators Reactors
/
accelerator Solar neutrino
/
reactors
307/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN
P⌫↵!⌫ (t) =|h⌫ |⌫↵(t)i|2
= ↵ 4
X
i>j
<(U⇤
↵iU iU↵jU⇤
j) sin2
(
m2
ijL
4E
)
+ 2
X
i>j
=(U⇤
↵iU iU↵jU⇤
j) sin(
m2
ijL
4E
),
Non-‐zero
31. T2K
off-‐axis
detector:
ND280
7/14/16 PASCOS
2016,
Quy
Nhon,
VN
Aim
to
understand
unoscillated 𝜈 beam:
constrains
flux
and
cross-‐section
parameters
² Tracker,
composed
of
Fine-‐Grained
Detector
(FGD)
and
Time
Projection
Chamber
(TPC),
is
central
part
o Two
FGDs:
active
target
w/
scintillator
only
(FGD1)
or
scintillator-‐water
interleaved
(FGD2)
o Three
TPCs:
mainly
Argon
(95%)
filled,
for
momentum
measurement
and
particle
ID
² 𝜋0
detector
(POD)
for
water-‐scintillator
target
and
𝜋0
tagging
² Electromagnetic
calorimeters
(ECal)
to
detect
gamma
rays
and
reconstruct
𝜋0
² Side
muon range
detectors
(SMRD)
to
tag
entering
cosmic
muons or
side-‐exiting
muons
Key
features
for
cross-‐section:
o Narrow
flux
spectrum
,
mean
~
0.85
GeV
o Multiple
targets:
scintillator,
water,
argon,
lead
o High
final
state
ID
resolution,
charge
separation
31
~B
0.2
T