This document discusses environmental regulations and pollution control in India. It outlines the key players in pollution control including polluters, receivers of pollution, and regulators like the Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards. It details the various acts, rules, and standards governing air, water, and noise pollution in India. It also summarizes the roles and powers of the central and state pollution control boards for monitoring and enforcing environmental compliance.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
B. R Naidu
Ex Director, CPCB
25.04.2022

2. PLAYERS OF THE ROLE OF POLLUTION CONTROL
Polluter – Generator of Pollution
Receiver – Victims of Pollution
Regulator – Referee

3. REGULATORS
• CENTRALGOVERNMENT
• STATE GOVERNMENT
• CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
• STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD/COMMITTEE

4. INTER AUTHORITY NETWORK
PARLIAMENT
CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT
Concerned Ministry
Central
Board
ACTS
RULES
BILL
ACTS
RULES
FORMATION
DIRECTION
FUND
SUPERSEDE
ADVICE
State
Board
State
Government
State
Assembly
INFORMATION
DIRECTION
DIRECTION
FORMATION
DIRECTION
FUND
SUPERSEDE
ADVICE
BILL
BILL
RULES

5. CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTOL BOARD
Head Office, Delhi
R.D. Kolkata
R.D. Shillong
R.D. Vadodara &
R.D. Pune
R.D. Bhopal
R.D. Bangalore &
R.D. Chennai
R.D. Lucknow &
R.D. Chandighar
Coordination
with Bihar,
Jharkhand,
Orissa, West
Bengal, UT A&N
Coordination
with Arunachal
P., Assam,
Mizoram,
Nagaland, Sikkim,
Tripura,
Meghalaya,
Manipur
Coordination
with J & K,
Punjab, H.P.,
Harayana, UP,
Uttranchal, Delhi
Coordination
with A. P.,
Karnataka, Goa,
Tamilnadu, UT of
Pondichery, UT of
Lakshdwep
Coordination
with M.P.,
Chhatisgarh,
Rajasthan
Coordination
with Gujarat,
Maharashtra, UT
of DDNH

6. POLLUTION CONTROL ACTS, RULES AND NOTIFICATIONS IN INDIA
The Water
(Prevention
and Control
of Pollution)
Act, 1974
The Water
(Prevention
and Control
of Pollution)
Cess Act,
1977
The Air
(Prevention
and Control
of Pollution)
Act, 1981
The Environment
(Protection) Act,
1986
(Next Page)
The Public
Liability
Insurance
Act, 1991
The National
Green Tribunal
Act, 2010
The Rules,
1975
Procedure for
Transaction of
Business Rules,
1975
• Constitution of Appellate
Authority
• Delegation of powers to
Union Territory (UT)
• Central Water Laboratory
Air Rules,
1981
• Declaration of air
pollution control areas
• Constitution of
appellate authority
• Fee for analysis
Air Rules,
(UT)
1983
Cess Rules,
1978
Rules, 1991

7. RULES AND NOTIFICATION UNDER E (P) ACT
E (P) ACT
(O4)
(Key Rules)
Pollution Control Waste (Management
and Handling) Rules
E(P) Rules, 1986
• Authorized inspection
• Authorized persons to take
sample
• Delegation of powers
• Emission standards
• Ambient noise standards
• National ambient air quality
standards
• Vehicular emission standards
• Handling of azo dyes
• Coastal regulation zone
• Doon valley regulation zone
• Dahanu regulation
• EIA notification
Noise Pollution Hazardous
waste,2016
Bio-medical waste,
2016
Solid waste
Management, 2016
The Batteries Rules,
2001
E-Waste Rules, 2016
C&D Waste Rules 2016
Plastic Waste Rules
2016
Products Chemical and
Accidents
The Ozone
Depleting
substances, 2000
The Recycled
Plastics Manufacture
and Usage Rules,
1999
The Bureau of
Indian Standards
Certification
Regulation, 1997
Eco-Mark Scheme,
1991
The Manufacture,
Storage and Import of
Hazardous Chemicals
Rules, 1989
The Chemical
Accidents (Emergency
planning,
Preparedness and
Response) Rules,
1996
The Manufacture,
Use, Import, Export,
Storage of Hazardous
Microorganisms
Genetically
Engineered
Organisms or Cells
Rules, 1989

8. FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD
 Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the prevention and
control of water and air pollution and the improvement of the quality of the air
& water;
 Plan and cause to execute a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control
or abatement of water & air pollution;
 Coordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them;
provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and
sponsor investigation & research relating to problems of water & air pollution
and for their prevention, control or abatement;
 Plan and organize training of persons engaged in programmes on the prevention,
control or abatement of water & air pollution
 Organize through mass media, a comprehensive mass awareness programme on
the prevention, control or abatement of water & air pollution.

9.  Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water &
air pollution and the measures devised for their effective prevention, control
or abatement; prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment
and disposal of sewage and trade effluents as well as for stack gas cleaning
devices and stacks of ducts;
 Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water & air pollution
and their prevention & control;
 Lay down, modify or annual, in consultation with the State Government
concerned, the standard for stream or well and lay down standards for the
quality of air; and
 Perform such other functions as may be prescribed by the Government of
India.
CONTINUED

10. Designated best use Class Criteria
Drinking water source without
conventional treatment but after
disinfection
A *Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less.
*pH between 6.5 and 8.5
*Dissolved oxygen 6 mg/l or more
*Biochemical oxygen demand 2 mg/l or Less
Outdoor bathing (organised) B *Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less
*pH between 6.5 and 8.5
*Dissolved oxygen 5 mg/l or more
*Biochemical oxygen demand 3 mg/l or Less
Drinking water source with
conventional treatment followed
by disinfection
C *Total coliform organisms MPN/ 100ml shall be 5000 or less
*pH between 6 and 9
*Dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l or more
*Biochemical oxygen demand 3 mg/l or less
Propagation of wild life,
fisheries
D *pH between 6.5 and 8.5
*Dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l or more
*Free ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
Irrigation, industrial cooling,
controlled waste disposal
E *pH between 6.0 and 8.5
*Electrical conductivity less than 2250 micro mhos/cm
*Sodium absorption ratio less than 26
*Boron less than 2mg/l
Water Quality Criteria
10

11. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR COASTAL WATERS
MARINE OUTFALLS
• In a coastal segment marine water is subjected to several
types of uses. Depending of the types of uses and activities,
water quality criteria have been specified to determine its
suitability for a particular purpose. Among the various types
of uses there is one use that demands highest level of water
quality/purity and that is termed a ''designed best use'' in that
stretch of the coastal segment. Based on this, primary water
quality criteria have been specified for following five
designated best uses:

12. Class Designated best use
SW-I Salt pans, Shell fishing,
Mariculture and Ecologically
Sensitive Zone.
SW-II Bathing, Contact Water Sports
and Commercial fishing.
SW-III Industrial cooling, Recreation
(non contact) and Aesthetics.
SW-IV Harbour.
SW-V Navigation and Controlled Waste
Disposal.

13. NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)
S. No.
Pollutants Time Weighted
Average
Concentration in Ambient Air
Industrial, Residential,
Rural and other Areas
Ecologically Sensitive
Area (notified by
Central Government)
1 Dioxide
(SO2), µg/m3
Annual* 50 20
24 Hours** 80 80
2 Nitrogen Dioxide
(NO2 ), µg/m3
Annual* 40 30
24 Hours** 80 80
3 Particulate Matter
(Size <10µm) or PM10 µg/m3
Annual* 60 60
24 Hours** 100 100
4 Particulate Matter
(Size <2.5 µm) or PM2.5 µg/m3
Annual* 40 40
24 Hours ** 60 60
5 Ozone (O3), µg/m3 8 hours** 100 100
1 hours ** 180 180
6 Lead (Pb), µg/m3 Annual * 0.50 0.50
24 Hour** 1.0 1.0
7 Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m3 8 Hours ** 02 02
1 Hour** 04 04
8 Ammonia (NH3), µg/m3 Annual* 100 100
24 Hour** 400 400
9 Benzene (C6H6) , µg/m3 Annual * 05 05
10 Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP)- particulate phase only,
ng/m3
Annual* 01 01
11 Arsenic (As), ng/m3 Annual* 06 06
12 Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual* 20 20
* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.
** 24 hourly 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceed
the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
NOTE: Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutives days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective
category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring and further investigation.

14. Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise
(A) Industrial area 75 70
(B) Commercial area 65 55
(C) Residential area 55 45
(D) Silence Zone 50 40
Limits in dB(A) Leq
Day Night
Area category
Area Code
1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.
2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.
3. Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals,
educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are zones which are declared as such
by the competent authority.
4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by
the competent authority.

15. NCTIONS OF THE STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Advice the State Government with respect to suitability of any premises or location for
carrying-out any industry which is likely to pollute a stream or well or cause air
pollution
Lay down standards of treatment of sewage and trade effluents.
Lay down, in consultation with the Central Board and having regard to the standards
for the quality of air laid down by the Central Board, standards for emission of air
pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles or for the
discharge of any air pollutant into the atmosphere from any other source whatsoever
not being a ship or an aircraft:
Evolve methods of disposal of sewage and trade effluents on lands.
Develop reliable and economically viable methods for treatment of sewage, trade
effluents and air pollution control equipment.
Granting consent to polluter under the Water & Air Act, and authorization to facilities
for disposal of hazardous waste, bio-medical waste under the respective Rules of E(P)
Act, after getting satisfied of the performance of their control facility.
To inspect water and wastewater treatment installation, air pollution control devices,
hazardous & bio-medical waste development facilities.
Assess the quality of ambient water & air

16. CPCB
MODEL II
INDUSTRY
SPECIFICITY
MODEL - I
LOCATION
SPECIFICITY
CPCB
SPCB
At National level, Industry Specific Standard is evolved with minimal requirement
with due regard to economic feasibility termed as MINIMAL NATIONAL STANDARD
(MINAS)
MINIMUM NATIONAL STANDARD (MINAS)

17. 18. Powers to give directions.
[1] In the performance of its functions under this Act—
• (a) the Central Board shall be bound by such directions in writing as the Central
Government may give to it; and
• (b) every State Board shall be bound by such directions in writing as the Central
Board or the State Government may give to it:
– Provided that where a direction given by the State Government is inconsistent
with the direction given by the Central Board, the matter shall be referred to
the Central Government for its decision.
[2] Where the Central Government is of the opinion that any State Board has
defaulted in complying with any directions given by the Central Board under sub-
section (1) and as a result of such default a grave emergency has arisen and it is
necessary or expedient so to do in the public interest, it may, by order, direct the
Central Board to perform any of the functions of the State Board in relation to
such area for such period and for such purposes, as may be specified in the order.

18. 19. Power of State Government to restrict the application of the Act to certain areas.
20. Power to obtain information.
21. Power to take samples of effluents and procedures to be followed in connection
therewith.
22. Reports of the results of analysis on samples taken under Section 21.
23. Power of entry and inspection.
24. Prohibition on use of stream or well for disposal of polluting matter, etc.
25. Restrictions on new outlets and new discharges.
27. Refusal or withdrawal of Consent by State Boards.
28. Appeals.

19. THE WATER ACT, 1974
33A. Power to give directions
A State Board may issue any directions in writing to any person, officer
or authority, and such person, officer or authority shall be bound to
comply with such directions;
For Example
1. The closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or
process; or
2. Stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity, water or any other
service.

20. POWERS OF POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD UNDER WATER
AND AIR ACTS
S. NO. POWERS WATER ACT AIR ACT
1 To obtain information Section 20 Section 25
2 To take sample Section 21 Section 26
3 To entry & inspection Section 23 Section 24
4 To grant consent / authorization Section 25 Section 21
5 To withdrawal consent /
authorization
Section 27 Section 21
6 Powers to carryout some work Section 30 Section 22
7 Emergency (remedial action) Section 32 Section 23
8 Power to give directions Section 18 Section 18
9 Power to give directions Section 33 A Section 31 A
10 Power to declare pollution control
area
-- Section 19
11 Power to ensure standard from
automobiles
-- Section 20

21. EP ACT, 1986
5. Power to give directions
The Central Govt. may issue directions in writing to any
person, officer or authority, and the concerned are required
to comply with such directions;
Eg.
1. The closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry,
operation or process; or
2. Stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity or water
or any other service.

22. EP ACT, 1986
10. Powers of entry and inspection
1. Any person empowered by the Central Govt. in this behalf
shall have a right to enter, at all reasonable times, any place
a. For performing any of the functions of Central Govt.
b. Determining whether and if so in what manner, any such
functions are to be performed
c. Examining and testing any equipment, industrial plant,
record, register, document or for conducting search of any
building

23. EP ACT, 1986
10. Powers of entry and inspection
2. Every person carrying on an industry shall be bound to
render all assistance to the person empowered by the
Central Govt.. Else, he shall be guilty of an offence
3. Any person willfully delaying/obstructing any persons
empowered by the Central Govt., shall be guilty of an
offence
4. The provision of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 or
the provisions of any corresponding law in the state or area,
may apply to any search or seizures like that made under
section 94 of the said code, under the corresponding
provision of the said law.

24. EP ACT, 1986
11. Power to take samples and procedure
1. The Central Govt./ officer empowered, shall have the power
to take, for the purpose of analysis, samples of air, water,
soil or other substance from any factory in prescribed
manner
2. The result of any analysis of a sample taken shall not be
admissible in evidence in any legal proceedings unless the
provisions of sub-sections 3 and 4 are compiled with

25. EP ACT, 1986
11. Power to take samples and procedure
3. The person taking the sample shall
a. Serve on the occupier, a notice, then & there, in such forms
as may be prescribed, of his intention to have it so analyzed
b. Shall collect the sample for analysis, in the presence of the
occupier/his agent
c. Cause the sample to be placed in a container(s) which shall
be marked & sealed & shall be signed by both
d. Send without delay, the container(s) to the laboratory
recognized by the Central Govt.

26. 12. ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORIES
(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official
Gazette,--
(a) establish one or more environmental laboratories;
(b) recognize one or more laboratories or institutes as environmental
laboratories to carry out the functions entrusted to an environmental
laboratory under this Act.
(2) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
make rules specifying—
(a) the functions of the environmental laboratory;
(b) the procedure for the submission to the said laboratory of samples
of air, water, soil or other substance for analysis or tests, the form of
the laboratory report thereon and the fees payable for such report;
(c) such other matters as may be necessary or expedient to enable that
laboratory to carry out its functions.

27. 13. GOVERNMENT ANALYSTS
The Central Government may by notification in the Official Gazette,
appoint or recognize such persons as it thinks fit and having the
prescribed qualifications to be Government Analysts for the purpose of
analysis of samples of air, water, soil or other substance sent for
analysis to any environmental laboratory established or recognized
under sub-section (1) of section 12.
14. REPORTS OF GOVERNMENT ANALYSTS
Any document purporting to be a report signed by a Government
analyst may be used as evidence of the facts stated therein in any
proceeding under this Act.

28. EP ACT, 1986
15. Penalty for the contravention of provisions of the Act
1. Punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend
to 5 years with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or
with both, and if the contravention continues, with
additional fine which may extend to 5000 rupees for every
day
2. If the contravention continues beyond for a period of one
year after the date of conviction, the offender shall be
punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend
to 7 years

29. EDC
• The Environmental Compensation shall be based on
the following formula:
• EC = PI x N x R x S x LF
• Where,
• EC is Environmental Compensation in ₹
• PI=Pollution Index of industrial sector(80,50,30)
• N = Number of days of violation took place
• R = A factor in Rupees (₹) for EC(250)
• S = Factor for scale of operation(0.5,1,1.5)
• LF = Location factor(1-2)

30. Regulations on Hazardous Waste Management
 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
 Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary
Movement) Rules, 2008
 Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary
Movement) Rules, 2016

31. Hazardous Waste
“Hazardous waste” means any waste which by reason of characteristics
such as physical, chemical, biological, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive
or corrosive, causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or
environment, whether alone or in contact with other wastes or substances,
and shall include as specified in Schedule I /II/III.
Schedule-I
38 sector
Specified
industrial Waste
Total 128 types
of hazardous
waste
Schedule-II
Class A -Based on
leachable
concentration
Class B &C-
characteristics
Schedule-III
For Import
-Export
Schedule-
IV
Commonly
recyclable
waste

32. Definitions
“waste” means materials that are not products or by-products, for which the
generator has no further use for the purposes of production, transformation
or consumption.
Explanation.- for the purposes of this clause,
(i) waste includes the materials that may be generated during, the extraction
of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediates and final
products, the consumption of final products, and through other human
activities and excludes residuals recycled or reused at the place of
generation; and
(ii) by-product means a material that is not intended to be produced but
gets produced in the production process of intended product and is used as
such;

33. Responsibilities of the occupier
(1) For the management of hazardous and other wastes, an occupier shall follow
the following steps, namely:
- Prevention
- Minimization
- Reuse
- Recycling
- Recovery, utilisation including co-processing
- Safe disposal
(2) The occupier shall be responsible for safe and environmentally sound
management of hazardous and other wastes.

34. Responsibilities of the occupier
(3) The hazardous and other wastes generated in the establishment of an
occupier shall be sent or sold to an authorised actual user or shall be
disposed of in an authorised disposal facility.
(4) The hazardous and other wastes shall be transported from an occupier’s
establishment to an authorised actual user or to an authorised disposal
facility in accordance with the provisions of these rules.
(5) The occupier who intends to get its hazardous and other wastes treated and
disposed of by the operator of a treatment, storage and disposal facility shall
give to the operator of that facility, such specific information as may be
needed for safe storage and disposal.

35. Responsibilities of State Government
• Department of Industry in the State or any other government agency - to
earmark or allocate industrial space or shed for recycling, pre-processing and
other utilisation of hazardous or other waste in the existing and upcoming
industrial park, estate and industrial clusters.
• Submit annual report to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change on integrated plan for ensuring environmentally Sound Management
of Hazardous and other wastes.
• Department of Labour in the State or any other government agency shall
ensure the following in respect of workers involved in recycling, pre-
processing and other utilisation of HW ;
a) Recognition and Registration of workers
b) Imparting industrial skill development activities
c) Monitoring safety and health of workers.

36. Provisions for obtaining Grant of authorization
• Occupier shall obtain an authorization / renewal of authorisation from the
SPCB/PCC in Modified Form 1. Applicant shall enclose copies of CTE, valid CTO.
A Self certified compliance report shall be enclosed in case of renewal
application.
• SPCB/PCC shall grant authorisation in Modified Form 2 after ensuring technical
capabilities and equipment complying with the Standard Operating Procedures
(SOP) or other guidelines specified by CPCB through site inspection.
• The authorisation granted shall be accompanied with copy of field inspection
report signed by that Board.
• Handing over of the hazardous and other wastes to the authorised actual user
shall be only after making the entry into the passbook of the actual user
• Includes Authorization for recycling of Other wastes listed in Schedule - III

37. Utilisation of hazardous and other wastes
Rule-9 : Provisions of Utilization of HW
(1) SPCBs/PCCS may grant authorisation to actual users for utilization or recycling
of Hazardous Waste for which Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) or
guidelines have been issued by CPCB from time to time.
(2) Where SOPs are not available, the applicants shall approach CPCB for grant of
approval, which may be given by CPCB on the basis of trial runs.
Upon completion of successful trial run, CPCB shall prepare SOPs for such
Utilization and circulate the same to all SPCBs.
(3) No trial runs are required for co-processing as the co-processing standards are
notified.

38. Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facilities
• The State Government, occupier, operator of a facility or any association
of occupiers shall individually or jointly or severally be responsible for,
identification of sites for establishing the facility for treatment, storage
and disposal of the hazardous.
• Operator of common or captive TSDF shall obtain approval from the SPCB
for design and layout of TSDF.
• SPCB shall monitor the setting up and operation of captive/Common TSDF.
• Operator of common or captive TSDF shall be responsible for safe and
environmentally sound operation and its closure and post-closure phase.

39. Transportation of hazardous and other wastes (Manifest System)
(1) The sender of the waste shall prepare seven copies of the manifest in Form 10
comprising of colour code indicated below and all seven copies shall be signed
by the sender:
(3) No transporter shall accept waste from the sender for transport unless it is
accompanied by signed copies 3 to 7 of the manifest.

40. Waste Management Hierarchy
Waste Minimization
Reuse & Recycling
Co-processing
Incineration
Landfill
Preferable
Less
Desirable
40

41. CO - PROCESSING
• Definition: Co-processing is the use of waste as raw material, or as a
source of energy or both to replace natural mineral resources and fossil
fuels such as coal, petroleum, gas mainly in energy intensive industries
like cement, lime, steel, glass and power generation.
• Waste materials used for co-processing are referred as AFR i.e.
Alternative Fuel and Raw material
41

42. Within Gujarat 4,03,780.7 MT
Outside Gujarat 8,03,118.5 MT
Total hazardous waste
Co-processed
12,06,899 MT
Total plastic waste processed in year 21-22 up to Feb22- about 54736MT
Total waste co processed including non hazardous waste and fly ash in year 20- till Feb 22 @ 32.26 lac MT
Cumulative waste disposed through co processing since 2009 till Feb 22 is about 34 Million Metric ton
Tentative figures of coal saved in one cement industry of state:
2018-19 - 40925 MT (Coal or other fuel)
2019-20 - 27908 MT (Coal or other fuel)
2020-21 - 20898 MT (Coal or other fuel)
Total Hazardous waste Co-processed During year 2021-22

43. Waste co-processed (GPCB)
3.815
4.179 4.434
4.734 4.550
0
1
2
3
4
5
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20
Million
MT
Waste Co-processed in Cement Industries
Year: April to March
43

44. Plastic waste co-
processed(GPCB)
52.74
94.15
68.97
86.55
94.10
0
25
50
75
100
2015-'16 2016-'17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20
Thousand
MT
Plastic Waste Co-processed
Year: April to March
44

54. CEPI
CPA : Score >= 70
SPA : Score 60 to 69
Other Polluted areas : 50 to 59
• Score covers water pollution index, air pollution index and land
pollution index.
• Each index have factors A ,B, C, D
• A reflects density and type of units existing in the area
• B reflects level of pollutants
• C reflects adequacy of treatment facilities
• D reflects health impact on vicinity

55. THANK YOU