This document discusses different types of biomaterials used in medical applications. It defines biomaterials as materials used for structural applications in medicine to replace damaged body parts. Biomaterials are classified as metals and alloys, ceramics, polymers, and composites. Examples of applications for each type are provided, such as stainless steel and cobalt alloys for implants, calcium phosphates for bone repair, polymers for medical devices and drug delivery, and dental composites. The advantages and disadvantages of each material are summarized.

1. ENGINEERING PHYSICS –II
BY
M.VISHNUMENON

2. BIOMATERIAL
• The Materials Which are used
for structural applications in the
fields of medicine are know as
biomaterials
• These materials are used to
make devices to replace
damaged or diseased body parts
in human and animal bodies
• A variety of devices and
materials are used in the
treatment of disease or injury.
Commonplace examples include
suture needles, plates, teeth
fillings, etc

3. Classification Of Biomaterial
Based on the application in the medical
field biomaterial are classified into :
• Metals and alloys biomaterials
• Ceramics biomaterials
• Polymer biomaterials
• Composite biomaterials

4. Metal And alloys
• Metals and alloys are used as biomaterials due to their
excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and mechanical
properties
• Types of Metal and alloys are cobalt based alloys, titanium,
stainless steel , protosal from cast alloy, conducting metals
such as platinum
• The advantage of metal High strength, Fatigue resistance,
Relatively good wear resistance, Easy fabrication ,Easy to
sterilize ,Shape memory (NiTi-Nitinol)
• Disadvantages are High elastic modulus, Corrosion ,Metal ion
sensitivity and toxicity Low wetting

5. Applications of Metal and alloy
• Metals and alloys biomaterials are
used in implant and orthopedic
application
• Stainless steel Predominant implant
alloy
• Protosal from cast alloy of Co ,Cr
,Mo used for implant hip Endo
prosthesis and advance version of this
protosal are widely used in hip joints
• ASTMF-136 used in dental
application for making screws wires
artificial teeth
• Ni –Ti shape memory alloy used in
dental arch wire, micro surgical
instrument, blood clot filtes.etc

6. Ceramics
• Ceramics are used as biomaterials due to their high mechanical strength
and biocompatibility
• Types of Bio-ceramic materials are tri calcium phosphate, Metals oxides
such as Al2O3 and SiO2 ,Apatite ceramics, Porous ceramics, Carbon and
Alumina
• Advantage - High compression strength, Wear & Corrosion resistance ,Can
be highly polished
• Disadvantage -High E modulus (stress shielding) Brittle -Low fracture
toughness Difficult to fabricate

7. Applications of Ceramics
• Al2O3 and SiO2 - used to make
femoral head
• Tri calcium Phosphate - bone
repairs
• Alumina used in orthopedic
,Porous alumina used in teeth
roots
• Apatite ceramics - bio active
ceramics-used as synthetic bone
• Carbon good biocompatibility,
wide application in heart valves
• Percutaneous carbon – stimulation
of cochlea and visual cortex for
artificial hearing and aid the blind
respectively

8. BIOPOLYMERS
• Biopolymers are macromolecules (protein, nuclei ,acids and
polysaccharides) formed in nature during the growth cycles of
all organism
• Easy to make complicated items Tailor able physical &
mechanical properties Surface modification Biodegradable
• Leachable compounds Absorb water & proteins etc. Surface
contamination Wear & breakdown Biodegradation
(hydrolytically, enigmatically) Difficult to sterilize

9. Application of Biopolymers
• Synthetic polymeric materials have
been widely used in medical
disposable supplies, prosthetic
materials, dental materials,
implants, dressings, extracorporeal
devices, encapsulates, polymeric
drug delivery systems, tissue
engineered products
• The main advantages of the
polymeric biomaterials compared to
metal or ceramic materials are ease
of manufacturability to produce
various shapes (latex, film, sheet,
fibers, etc.)

10. COMPOSITE BIOMATERIALS
• The term “composite” is usually
reserved for those materials in
which the distinct phases are
separated on a scale larger than the
• biomaterial applications are:
(1) dental filling composites
(2) reinforced methyl methacrylate
bone cement and ultra-high-
molecular-weight polyethylene, and
(3) orthopedic implants with porous
surfaces. atomic

11. Biomaterial in ophthalmology and Dental
OPHTHALMOLOGY
• Used to improve vision, eye
implants, to restore cornea, lens
when they are damaged
• Contact lens, eye shield , vitreous
replacement, correction of corneal
curvature
DENTAL
• Polymers ,composites ceramic
materials and metals alloys are four
main groups of materials used for
dental applications
• Ex: stainless steal, Co-Cr-Mo alloy
PMMA ,proplast and deacon

12. END
Interesting facts
• As a
science, biomateri
als is about fifty
years old