This presentation includes general introduction of analysis, different types of technique used in analysis and method of expression concentration.

1. INTRODUCTION OF ANALYSIS
NAME- VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI,
Assistant Professor at
IDEAL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY

2. CONTENT
 Introduction to analysis
 Different techniques of analysis
 Method of expressing concentration

3.  Pharmaceutical analysis
 is a branch of
chemistry, which involves the series of process for
the identification, determination, quantitation, and
purification. This is mainly used for the separation
of the components from the mixture and for the
determination of the structure of the compounds.
 The pharmaceutical analysis defined as the
application of analytical procedures used to
determine the purity, quality and safety of the drugs
and chemicals.

4. TYPES OF ANALYTICAL METHOD
 1. Qualitative (identification) is performed to establish
composition of natural/synthetic substances.
 2. Quantitative (estimation) techniques are mainly used to
quantify any compound.

5.  ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE
Thermometry SpectroscopyTitration Electrometry Chromatography
UV-Visible
IR
Mass
NMR
Column
TLC
HPTLC
HPLC
GC
Etc.
Voltametry
Coulometry
Potentiometry
etc
Acid base
Precipitation
complexometric
etc
TGA
DTA
DSC

6.  ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE
Chemical Methods
(Classical Method)
Physical Methods
(Instrumental Method)
1. Gravimetric Method
2. Volumetric Method
i. Acid Base titrations
ii. Redox titrations
iii. Precipitation titrations
iv. Complexometric
titrations
Optical Method
(Interaction of EMR)
Electro chemical
Method
Miscellaneous
Method
Absorption
of EMR
UV-Visible
IR
NMR
X- Ray
Emissions
of EMR
Scattering or
Refraction of EMR
Rotation
of EMR
Fluorescence
Phosphoresces
Flame Photometry
Nepholometry
Terbidometry
Raman Spectroscopy
Refrectometry
Polarimetery
pH metry
Potentiometry
Conductometry
Voltametry
Polarography
Amparometery
Coulombmetry
Thermometric
Analysis
DSC
TGA

7. Thermometry
 In thermometry we monitor change in physical property of sample as function of controlled
temperature change.
 Event may be during thermometry
 Weight loss(TGA)
 Melting
 Change in visco-elastic property
 Change in heat and energy of transition
 Application
 Purity of medicinal substance
 Study of relative heat stability
 Crystallography
 Generation of phase diagram

8. Titration
 A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration
of an unknown solution.
 Terminology used
 Analyte- The solution of unknown concentration but known volume.
 Titrant- The solution of known concentration
 Equivalence point- point where the amount of two reactant are just equivalent.
 End point- Point at which the reaction is observed to be complete , this point is usually observe with the
help of indicator(colour change)
 Indicator- An auxiliary substance which helps in the usual detection (colour change) of the completion of
the titration process at the end point.

9. Electrometry
 Electro analytical method are a class of techniques in analytical
chemistry which study an analyte by measuring the potential (volts)
and/or current (amperes) in an electrochemical cell containing the
analyte.
 The three main categories are
 Potentiometry- the difference in electrode potentials is measured.
 Coulometry- the cell's current is measured over time.
 Voltammetry- the cell's current is measured while actively altering the
cell's potential.

10. Chromatography
 Chromatography' (from Greek Chroma“colour” and graphein “to write”) is an analytical technique
commonly used for separating a mixture of chemical substances into its individual components, so that
the individual components can be thoroughly analysed.
 Terminology
 Mobile phase- The liquid or gas that flows through a chromatography system, moving the materials to be
separated at different rates over the stationary phase
 Stationary phase- the phase over which the mobile phase passes in the technique of chromatography
 Principle
 Adsorption
 Partition coefficient

11. Spectroscopy
 Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter.
 Spectrum is defined as the characteristic wavelengths of EMR that is emitted or absorbed by an object or
substance, atom, or molecule.
 Spectrometer- measurement of spectrum
 Type of spectroscopy-
 Absorption
 Emission
 Scattering
 Application-
 Structure elucidation
 Detection of molecular weight
 Determination of concentration

12. Method of expressing concentration
 The concentration of solute in a solution may be expressed in
many ways, depending upon the convenience to those concerned
with its use
 These are
 1. Normality
 2. Molarity
 3. Molality
 4. Formality
 5. Percentage concentration
 6. PPM/PPB

13. Normality
 Number of gram equivalent present per litre of
solution
 It is denoted by “N”
 N =
 Gram Equivalent =
No. of gram equivalent
Vol. of solution(in Litre)
Molecular weight
Acidity/Basicity

14. Molarity
 Number of moles of solute present in one litre of
solution
 It is denoted by “M”
 M =
No. of moles of solute
Vol. of solution (in litre)

15. Molality
 Number of moles of solute present in one Kg of
solvent.
 It is denoted by “m”
 m =
No. of moles of solute
Mass of solvent (in Kg)

16. Formality
 It is rarely used term
 It is calculated based on the formula weight of the solute
per litre of the solution
 It is denoted by “F”
 F =
 Formal concentration indicates moles of original
chemical formula in the solution without considering the
species actually exits in the solution
Formula weight
Vol. Of solution (in Litre)

17. Percentage concentration
 Many times concentration is expressed in term
of percentage (parts per hundred).
 %W/W = x100
 %V/V = x 100
 %W/V = x 100
Weight of solute (in g
Weight of the solution (in g)
Vol. of solute(in ml)
Vol. of the solution(in ml)
Weight of solute (in g)
Vol. of the solution (in ml)

18. Any Query
Write on my email- vishalsolanki393@gmail.com

19. THANK
YOU