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Magnetism and Magnetic
Circuits
2
The Nature of a Magnetic Field
• Magnetism
– Force of attraction or repulsion that acts
between magnets and other magnetic
materials
• Flux lines
– Show direction and intensity of this field at all
points
3
The Nature of a Magnetic Field
• Field is strongest at poles
– Direction is from N to S
• Unlike poles attract
– Like poles repel
4
Ferromagnetic Materials
• Attracted by magnets
– Provide an easy path for magnetic flux
– Iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys
• Nonmagnetic materials such as plastic,
wood, and glass
– Have no effect on the field
5
Electromagnetism
• Many applications of magnetism involve
magnetic effects due to electric currents
• Direction of magnetic field may be
determined by the Right Hand Rule
6
Electromagnetism
• Place your right hand around conductor
with your thumb in the direction of the
current
• Your fingers will point in the direction of
the magnetic field
– This will always be perpendicular to the current
7
Flux and Flux Density
• Flux, Φ
– Total number of lines
• Flux density, B,
– Number of lines per unit area
– Divide total flux passing perpendicularly
through an area by the area
• B = Φ/A
8
Flux and Flux Density
• Units for magnetic flux are webers (Wb)
• Area is measured in square meters
• Units for flux density
– Wb/m2
or teslas (T)
– 1 tesla = 10 000 gauss
• B may also be measured in gauss
• We will work only with teslas
9
Magnetic Circuits
• Practical applications
– Use structures to guide and shape magnetic
flux
– Called magnetic circuits
• Magnetic circuit guides flux to an air gap
– This provides field for the voice coil
10
Magnetic Circuits
• Playback heads on tape recorders
– VCRs and disk drives pick up the varying
magnetic field and convert it to voltage
11
Air Gaps, Fringing, and
Laminated Cores
• Circuits with air gaps may cause fringing
• Correction
– Increase each cross-sectional dimension of gap by
the size of the gap
• Many applications use laminated cores
• Effective area is not as large as actual area
12
Series Elements and
Parallel Elements
• Magnetic circuits may have sections of
different materials
– Cast iron, sheet steel, and an air gap
• For this circuit, flux is the same in all
sections
– Circuit is a series magnetic circuit
13
Series Elements and
Parallel Elements
• A magnetic circuit may have elements in
parallel
– Sum of fluxes entering a junction is equal to
the sum leaving
• Similar to series/parallel electric circuits
14
Magnetic Circuits with dc
Excitation
• Current through a coil creates magnetic
flux
• Magnetomotive Force (MMF) ℑ = NI
• N is the number of turns of the coil
• Opposition of the circuit
– Reluctance ℜ =  /µA
15
Magnetic Circuits with dc
Excitation
• Ohm’s Law for magnetic circuits:
φ = ℑ/ℜ
• Useful analogy but not a practical solution
method
16
Magnetic Field Intensity
• Magnetic field strength
– H, is the magnetomotive force (mmf) per unit
length
• H = ℑ/ = NI/
• Units are Ampere•turns/meter
• N•I = H•
17
Relationship Between B and H
• B and H
– Related by the equation B = µH
• Where µ (Greek letter mu) is the permeability of
the core
• Permeability
– Measure for establishing flux in a material
18
Relationship Between B and H
• The larger the value of µ
– The larger flux density for a given H
• H is proportional to I
– The larger the value of µ, the larger the flux
density for a given circuit
19
Ampere’s Circuital Law
• Algebraic sum of mmfs around a closed
loop in a magnetic circuit
– Zero: Σℑ = 0
– Similar to KVL
– Since ℑ = NI, ΣNI = ΣH
– NI - Hironiron - Hsteelsteel - Hgg= 0
20
Series Magnetic Circuits
• Solve a circuit where Φ is known
– First compute B using Φ/A
– Determine H for each magnetic section from
B-H curves
– Compute NI using Ampere’s circuital law
– Use computed NI to determine coil current or
turns as required
21
Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits
• Use sum of fluxes
principle and Ampere’s
Law
• Find B and H for each
section
• Then use Ampere’s
Law
22
Series Magnetic Circuits
• Solve directly
– NI and required to find Φ, for circuits with
one material
– For two or more substances
• Cannot calculate either Φ or H without knowing
the other
23
Series Magnetic Circuits
• Trial and error
– Taking a guess at the flux to compute NI
– Compare this against the given NI
24
Forces Due to an Electromagnet
• Electromagnets
– Relays, doorbells, lifting magnets, etc.
• Force computed from flux density, the
gap area, and the permeability
0
2
2µ
gg AB
F =
25
Properties of Magnetic Materials
• Atoms produce small, atomic-level
magnetic fields
• For nonmagnetic materials, these fields
are randomly arranged
26
Properties of Magnetic Materials
• For ferromagnetic materials
– Fields do not cancel, but instead form into
domains
• If the domains in a material line up, the
material is magnetized
27
Magnetizing a Specimen
• Current passed through it causes
domains to line up
• If all fields line up, material is saturated
• If current is turned off, material will
retain some residual magnetism
28
Magnetizing a Specimen
• Turning off current does not
demagnetize the material
– Some other method must be used
• Effect is called Hysteresis
29
Measuring Magnetic Fields
• Hall effect
– Use when a piece of metal is placed in a
magnetic fields
– Small voltage develops across it
• Fixed current
– Hall voltage is proportional to the magnetic
field strength B
30
Measuring Magnetic Fields
• Fixed current
– Hall voltage is proportional to the magnetic
field strength B.
• Direction of the field may be determined by
the right-hand rule

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Magnetism and Magnetic Circuits

  • 2. 2 The Nature of a Magnetic Field • Magnetism – Force of attraction or repulsion that acts between magnets and other magnetic materials • Flux lines – Show direction and intensity of this field at all points
  • 3. 3 The Nature of a Magnetic Field • Field is strongest at poles – Direction is from N to S • Unlike poles attract – Like poles repel
  • 4. 4 Ferromagnetic Materials • Attracted by magnets – Provide an easy path for magnetic flux – Iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys • Nonmagnetic materials such as plastic, wood, and glass – Have no effect on the field
  • 5. 5 Electromagnetism • Many applications of magnetism involve magnetic effects due to electric currents • Direction of magnetic field may be determined by the Right Hand Rule
  • 6. 6 Electromagnetism • Place your right hand around conductor with your thumb in the direction of the current • Your fingers will point in the direction of the magnetic field – This will always be perpendicular to the current
  • 7. 7 Flux and Flux Density • Flux, Φ – Total number of lines • Flux density, B, – Number of lines per unit area – Divide total flux passing perpendicularly through an area by the area • B = Φ/A
  • 8. 8 Flux and Flux Density • Units for magnetic flux are webers (Wb) • Area is measured in square meters • Units for flux density – Wb/m2 or teslas (T) – 1 tesla = 10 000 gauss • B may also be measured in gauss • We will work only with teslas
  • 9. 9 Magnetic Circuits • Practical applications – Use structures to guide and shape magnetic flux – Called magnetic circuits • Magnetic circuit guides flux to an air gap – This provides field for the voice coil
  • 10. 10 Magnetic Circuits • Playback heads on tape recorders – VCRs and disk drives pick up the varying magnetic field and convert it to voltage
  • 11. 11 Air Gaps, Fringing, and Laminated Cores • Circuits with air gaps may cause fringing • Correction – Increase each cross-sectional dimension of gap by the size of the gap • Many applications use laminated cores • Effective area is not as large as actual area
  • 12. 12 Series Elements and Parallel Elements • Magnetic circuits may have sections of different materials – Cast iron, sheet steel, and an air gap • For this circuit, flux is the same in all sections – Circuit is a series magnetic circuit
  • 13. 13 Series Elements and Parallel Elements • A magnetic circuit may have elements in parallel – Sum of fluxes entering a junction is equal to the sum leaving • Similar to series/parallel electric circuits
  • 14. 14 Magnetic Circuits with dc Excitation • Current through a coil creates magnetic flux • Magnetomotive Force (MMF) ℑ = NI • N is the number of turns of the coil • Opposition of the circuit – Reluctance ℜ =  /µA
  • 15. 15 Magnetic Circuits with dc Excitation • Ohm’s Law for magnetic circuits: φ = ℑ/ℜ • Useful analogy but not a practical solution method
  • 16. 16 Magnetic Field Intensity • Magnetic field strength – H, is the magnetomotive force (mmf) per unit length • H = ℑ/ = NI/ • Units are Ampere•turns/meter • N•I = H•
  • 17. 17 Relationship Between B and H • B and H – Related by the equation B = µH • Where µ (Greek letter mu) is the permeability of the core • Permeability – Measure for establishing flux in a material
  • 18. 18 Relationship Between B and H • The larger the value of µ – The larger flux density for a given H • H is proportional to I – The larger the value of µ, the larger the flux density for a given circuit
  • 19. 19 Ampere’s Circuital Law • Algebraic sum of mmfs around a closed loop in a magnetic circuit – Zero: Σℑ = 0 – Similar to KVL – Since ℑ = NI, ΣNI = ΣH – NI - Hironiron - Hsteelsteel - Hgg= 0
  • 20. 20 Series Magnetic Circuits • Solve a circuit where Φ is known – First compute B using Φ/A – Determine H for each magnetic section from B-H curves – Compute NI using Ampere’s circuital law – Use computed NI to determine coil current or turns as required
  • 21. 21 Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits • Use sum of fluxes principle and Ampere’s Law • Find B and H for each section • Then use Ampere’s Law
  • 22. 22 Series Magnetic Circuits • Solve directly – NI and required to find Φ, for circuits with one material – For two or more substances • Cannot calculate either Φ or H without knowing the other
  • 23. 23 Series Magnetic Circuits • Trial and error – Taking a guess at the flux to compute NI – Compare this against the given NI
  • 24. 24 Forces Due to an Electromagnet • Electromagnets – Relays, doorbells, lifting magnets, etc. • Force computed from flux density, the gap area, and the permeability 0 2 2µ gg AB F =
  • 25. 25 Properties of Magnetic Materials • Atoms produce small, atomic-level magnetic fields • For nonmagnetic materials, these fields are randomly arranged
  • 26. 26 Properties of Magnetic Materials • For ferromagnetic materials – Fields do not cancel, but instead form into domains • If the domains in a material line up, the material is magnetized
  • 27. 27 Magnetizing a Specimen • Current passed through it causes domains to line up • If all fields line up, material is saturated • If current is turned off, material will retain some residual magnetism
  • 28. 28 Magnetizing a Specimen • Turning off current does not demagnetize the material – Some other method must be used • Effect is called Hysteresis
  • 29. 29 Measuring Magnetic Fields • Hall effect – Use when a piece of metal is placed in a magnetic fields – Small voltage develops across it • Fixed current – Hall voltage is proportional to the magnetic field strength B
  • 30. 30 Measuring Magnetic Fields • Fixed current – Hall voltage is proportional to the magnetic field strength B. • Direction of the field may be determined by the right-hand rule