3. INTRODUCTION
Common disorder
Normal urinary tract is generally resistant to
infection.
Female urinary tract is more susceptible to
infection.
4. CONTD..
50% of patients, a predisposing cause cannot be
demonstrated.
In recurrent UTI, it is essential to look for
predisposing causes.
UTI may present itself as
Acute infection
Chronic infection
5. ACUTE INFECTION
Two general anatomical categories
1. Lower tract infection : uretheritis and cystitis
2. Upper tract infection : Acute pyelonephritis,
prostatitis, intrarenal and perirenal abscesses.
6. CONTD..
Lower UTI Upper UTI
Increased frequency and urgency
of micturation, dysuria and pain in
the perineum
Loin pain, fever, chills and
leucocytosis.
Fever ,chills and leucocytosis are
generally absent.
Urine with pus cells, urine culture
is positive and shows significant
bacteriuria.
Infection is considered superficial
or mucosal infection
Infection is tissue invasion.
7. CHRONIC INFECTION
Polyuria and nocturnal frequency may be present.
General loss of health and weight, anaemia and
hypertension are also present
Chronic pyelonephritis is an important cause of
hypertension and chronic renal failure.
8. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Subdivided into catheter-associated (nosocomial)
and non catheter-associated (community acquired)
infection.
Acute community acquired UTIs are very common.
In women
In 1-3% of school girls
Then increased markedly with onset of sexual activity.
9. CONTD..
In men
First year of life
Unusual under 50 year age.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is 50% but uncommon
among men under 50 year and common among
women in 20-50 year age group.
Asympatomatic bacteriuria is more common among
elderly men and women with rates as high as 40-
50% in some studies.
12. CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE PATHOGENESIS
Gender and sexual activity
Pregnancy
Obstruction
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
Vesicoureteral reflux
Bacterial virulence factors
13. CATHETER ASSOCIATED UTIS
Bacteriuria develops in 10-15% of hospitalised
patients with short term indwelling urethral
catheters.
Risk of infection is 3-5% per day of catheterization
E.coli, proteus, pseudomonas, klebsiella, serratia,
staphylococci, enterococci and candida usually
cause these infection.
14. CONTD..
Infection occurs when bacteria reach the bladder by
one of two routes
1. Migration through the column of urine in the
catheter lumen( intraluminal route)
2. Up the mucous sheath outside the
catheter(periuretheral route)
16. CONTD..
In patients catheterized for <2 weeks, catheter-
associated UTIs can be prevented by use
Of a sterile closed collecting system
Aseptic technique
Short course of systemic antimicrobial therapy
Application of periuretheral antimicrobial ointments
17. DEFINITIONS
Significant bacteriuria
Colony count > 105 /ml of single species in a midstream
clean catch sample.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Significant bacteriuria in absence of symptoms of urinary
tract infection
18. CONTD..
Simple UTI
UTI with low grade fever, dysuria, frequency and
urgency and absence of symptoms of complicated UTI.
Complicated UTI
Presence of fever>39ºc, systemic toxicity, persistent
vomiting, dehydration, renal angle tenderness and
raised creatinine
Recurrent infection
Second episode of UTI
19. DIAGNOSIS
Clinical features and history
Microscopic examination of urine
Dipstick tests
Culture and sensitivity
20. BACTERIAL COUNTS ARE CLINICALLY RELEVANT IN A
SAMPLE OF MID STREAM URINE (MSU)IF:
> 103 CFUs/mL in acute uncomplicated cystitis in a
woman
> 104 CFUs/mL in acute uncomplicated
pyelonephritis in a woman
> 105 CFUs/mL, or > 104 CFUs/mL of MSU in a
man or in straight catheter urine in women in a
complicated UTI.
In a suprapubic bladder puncture specimen, any
count of bacteria is relevant
21. DRUG THERAPY OF UTIS
Goals for treatment of UTI
1. Symptomatic relief by altering pH of urine
2. Eradication of infecting organisms
3. Prevention and treatment of recurrence
4. Identification and treatment of predisposing
factors
22. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
In acute cases, an appropriate drug may be started
as soon as urine has been collected for
bacteriological examination.
In chronic cases, mixed infection is more likely and
concomitant renal failure may modify drug therapy.
In such cases, there is no desperate hurry to start
drug treatment before case is thoroughly
investigated.
23. CONTD..
Drug must be used in adequate doses and for
adequate periods.
Growth of E.coli is optimum at pH 6 to 7 and is
inhibited at pH below 5.5 and above 7.5.
pH of urine must also be maintained at a level that
would permit optimum antibacterial activity of drug
used.
24. CONTD..
Fluid intake should be liberal as frequent emptying
of bladder helps
To reduce bacterial count in urine and as growth of
E.Coli is reduced of urine is very dilute
There is no satisfactory antibacterial drug to which
all the strains of E.coli are invariably sensitive.
26. SULFONAMIDES
Bacteriostatic
Most common drug used in E. coli infection
Effective urine and tissue levels
Development of bacterial resistance is a major
problem
27. COTRIMOXAZOLE
Potent and cost effective bactericidal agent against
many common urinary tract pathogens.
In acute uncomplicated UTI, it is used in dose of 2
tablets BID for 7-10 days.
In small dose effective in eliminating chronic
bacteriuria.
Trimethoprim concentrates in prostate.
28. AMPICILLIN
Orally and parentally, Bactericidal.
Good tissue levels and is excreted unchanged in
urine in high concentration.
Dose of 0.5 g six hourly for 7-10 days.
Useful for the treatment of UTI in pregnant women
Hospital acquired infection are resistant
30. PIPERACILLIN
Broad spectrum activity against gram negative
organism especially Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.
For moderate infection 4-8 gms/ day I.V.
For life threatening infection 12-16 gms/day
Its use should be limited to severe UTIs with life
threatening septicemia
31. AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
Gentamicin and amikacin.
Effective against E.coli, proteus and pseudomonas.
Given parentally, Can cause ototoxicity and renal
toxicity.
Single daily dose can reduce renal toxicity,
reserved for complicated UTIs
32. FLUROQUINOLONES
Ideal agents for nosocomial pyelonephritis and
complicated UTIs.
Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin and
lomefloxacin.
Highly effective orally.
Effective against bacteria resistant to beta-lactam
and aminoglycoside antibiotics.
33. CEPHALOSPORINS
Used in infection with E.coli and proteus resistant to
other antibiotics.
DOC for klebsiella infection.
3rd generation cephalosporins are effective against
multi-drug resistant enterobacteria and
pseudomonas.
Septicemic UTI.
34. FOSFOMYCIN
It is bactericidal against a range of gram-positive
and gram negative bacteria.
A single 3g oral dose is used to treat uncomplicated
UTIs in women.
Antibiotic fosfomycin may be prescribed as a single
dose treatment for women who are pregnant.
35. NITROFURANTOIN
Rapidly absorbed from GIT.
Urine concentration high but poor tissue
concentration.
Unsuitable for renal parenchymal diseases.
36. CONTD..
Used in chronic suppressive therapy in a dose of
50-100 mg/day for several weeks.
Single indication of nitrofurantoin is treatment as
well as long term prophylaxis of lower UTIs mainly
E. coli.
Safe in pregnancy.
37. NALIDIXIC ACID
0.5 g Tablets.
Dose is 4 gms /day in 4 divided dose for 7-10 days.
Reserved for occasional cases with infection with
Proteus
38. METHANAMINE MANDELATE
Salt of mandelic acid and methenamine.
Rapidly absorbed from GIT, excreted in urine.
At acidic pH less than 5.5, methenamine liberates
formaldehyde.
Dose is 500mg q.i.d.
39. CONTD..
Mandelic acid helps to lower urine pH.
Not active against acute infection but used in
chronic suppressive therapy.
Larger doses cause acute inflammation.
40. PHENAZOPYRIDINE
It is dye exerts analgesic effects in UTIs
Provides relieve from burning sensation, dysuria
and urgency due to cystitis.
Devoid of antibacterial activity.
Dose 200mg TDS orally.
41. CHOICE OF ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY OF UTI
IS DETERMINED BY
Site of infection in urinary tract.
Whether a predisposing cause such as diabetes or
abnormality of urinary tract is absent
uncomplicated UTI or present complicated UTI.
Whether infection is caused by drug sensitive or
drug resistant organism.
43. UNCOMPLICATED CYSTITIS IN WOMEN
Women with diabetes, symptoms for >7days, recent
UTI, use of diaphragm, age >65 years, pregnancy
7 day regimen orally
• Amoxicillin 250 mg 8 hourly
• Cefpodoxime proxetil 100 mg 12 hourly
• TMP-SMX 160/800 mg 12 hourly
44. ACUTE UNCOMPLICATED PYELONEPHRITIS
In women most cases without associated clinical
evidence of calculi or urological disease
Mild to moderate illness, no nausea or vomiting
Oral quinolone for 7-14 day ( initial dose given I.V., if
desired), Single dose ceftriaxone 1g, Gentamicin 3-5
mg/kg, followed by oral TMP-SMX for 14 days
45. CONTD..
In cases of severe illness or possible urosepsis:
hospitalisation required.
Parenteral quinolone, gentamicin 1mg/kg 8 hourly,
ceftriaxone 1-2g/day until subside of fever.
Oral quinolone, cephalosporin, or TMP-SMX for 14
days.
47. COMPLICATED UTIS
In mild to moderate illness, oral quinolone for 10-14
days until culture results and antibiotic sensitivities
are known.
In severe cases, parenteral therapy should be
started.
Parenteral Oral
Ampicillin 1g 6 hourly and
gentamicin 1mg/kg 8 hourly
Quinolones
Quinolone TMP-SMX
Ceftriaxone 1-2g/day
Ticarcillin/clavulanate 3.2 g 8
hourly
Imipenem/cilastatin 250-500 mg
8 hourly
48. POSTCOITAL CYSTITIS
Some women get lower UTI following every sexual
intercourse.
Initial treatment by suitable antibacterial drug.
Followed by 0.5% cetrimide cream in periurethral
area before coitus and bladder emptying after every
sexual act.
This may be followed by single dose Ampicillin or
TMP-SMX.
49. ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA
Transient and resolves without treatment
Removal of catheter followed by short course of
antibiotics
If catheter can not be removed then use of systemic
antibiotic when symptoms appear
51. UTI IN CHILDREN
Mostly first 3 months, UTI is more common in boys
3.7% than in girls (2%),
After which incidence changes, being 3% in girls
and 1.1% in boys.
Paediatric UTI is most common cause of fever of
unknown origin in boys less than 3 years.
52. CONTD..
The clinical presentation of a UTI in infants and
young children can vary from fever to
gastrointestinal, lower or upper urinary tract
symptoms.
Investigation should be undertaken after two
episodes of a UTI in girls and one in boys.
53. CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS OF UTI
Urine specimen from suprapubic aspiration
Any number of CFU/mL
Urine specimen from bladder puncture
catheterization
> 1,000-50,000 CFU/mL
Midstream clean catch
> 104 CFU/mL with symptoms
> 105 CFU/mL without Symptoms
55. VESICOURETERIC REFLUX (VUR)
40-50% of infants and 30-40% chidren with UTI and
resolves with age.
Its severity graded from I to V based on
appearance of urinary tract on micturating
cystourethrogram.
Grade I-III are more likely to resolve.
56. UTI DUE TO CANDIDA
Usually occurs with urinary catheters, typically after
antibiotic therapy
At high risk are patients who are
immunocompromised because of tumor, AIDS,
chemotherapy.
Asymptomatic candiduria rarely requires therapy.
57. CONTD..
Candiduria should be treated in the following:
Symptomatic patients
Neutropenic patients
Patients with renal allografts or
Patients who are undergoing urologic manipulation
58. TREATMENT
Catheters should be removed.
Treatment with fluconazole 200 mg once/day for 7
to 14 days.
I.V. amphotericin B.
Bladder irrigation with amphotericin B.
59. ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS
Indications
Women of child bearing group.
Catheterization or instrumentation inflicting trauma
Uncorrectable congenital anamolies.
Inoperable prostate enlargement or chronic obstruction.
60. CONTD..
Drugs used for prophylaxis are
All drugs are given once daily at bed time.
Cotrimoxazole 480mg
Nitrofurantoin 100mg
Norfloxacin 400mg
Cephalexin 250mg
61. CHLORAMPHENICOL
Broad spectrum antibiotic – Bacteriostatic
Inhibits protein synthesis – binds to 50S ribosome
subunit – causes inhibition of peptidyl transferase
Undergoes enterohepatic circulation – inactivated
by hepatic glucuronidation
Very few systemic use – due to
Rapid development of resistance
High toxicity
63. TETRACYCLINES
Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit – inhibits
binding of aminoacyl- t RNA to A site
Group I – tetracycline , chlortetracycline
, oxytetracycline
Group II – demeclocycline , lymecycline
Group III – doxcycline, minocycline
64. Pharmacokinetics –
Oral absorption – impaired by food and multivalent
cations
Cross placenta - affect fetus
Undergo enterohepatic circulation
Excreted primarily in urine except doxycycline
Doxcycline – excreted in feces
66. Toxicity –
1. Superinfection diarrhoea & pseudomembranous
colitis
2. Gastrointestinal side effects – most common
adverse effects
3. In Young children ( < 8 yrs ) – may cause dentition
abnormalities
4. Contraindicated – in pregnancy
Fetal tooth enamel dysplasia
Irregularities in fetal bone growth
5. Outdated tetracycline – fanconi’s syndrome
67.
68. FINAFLOXACIN
Phase III trials
Marked increase at acidic pH
Very high safety profile and wide spectrum.
Longer t1/2 supportive of once daily dosing.
69. TETRACYCLINE
Doxycycline, tetracycline, and minocycline.
Used for infections that are caused
by Mycoplasma or Chlamydia.
They cannot be taken by children or pregnant
women.
70. CONTD..
Many infecting strains marked broader antimicrobial
resistance.
Factors associated with an increase risk of
catheter-associated UTI include female sex,
prolonged catheterization, severe underlying
illness, disconnection of the catheter and drainage
tube, faulty catheter care and lack of systemic
antimicrobial therapy.
71. MANAGEMENT OF VUR
VUR grade Management
Grades I and II Antibiotic prophylaxis until 1 year
old. Restart antibiotic up to 5 yr of
age if breakthrough febrile UTI.
Grade III to V Antibiotic prophylaxis up to 5 year
of age. Consider surgery if
breakthrough febrile UTI.
Beyond 5 year: prophylaxis
continued if there is bowel bladder
dysfunction.
72. CONCLUSION
Care must be taken in assessing individual patient.
Drugs must be used in adequate doses and for
adequate period.
Bactericidal drugs are to be preferred for treatment.
All pregnant women should be screened in first
trimester and treated.
For nosocomial UTIs
“prevention is better than cure”
73. Sharma H.L.Quinolones and treatment of urinary
tract infections,Principal of pharmacology; 2nd
edition:708-715.
Satoskar R.S.,Chemotherapy of urinary tract
infection, Pharmacology and
pharmacotherapeutics;22 edition:717-725
Stamm W.E. Urinary tract infections,Harrison,
Principle of internal Medicine; 17th edition:1820-
1826
74. REFERENCES
Petri W.A. Agents for urinary tract infection,
Goodman and Gilman, The pharmacological basis
of therapeutics;12 Edition:1463-1476
Tripathi K.D..Urinary antiseptics,Essentials of
medical pharmacology; 7th edition: 760-764
Katzung B.G. Treatment of Urinary Tract, Katzung
B. Basic and clinical pharmacology;11 edition:439-
450
75. Indian society of Pediatric nephrology, Revised
statement on management of urinary tract infection,
vol 48, sept 17 2011, 709-717.