zoonosis

1. GUIDED BY :-
MISS KINJAL JADAV
PRESENTED BY :-
VHORA MAHIR

4.  Zoonosis is also called zoonotic disease . It
refers to the disease which can be passed from
animal to human beings . According to centres
for disease control in Atlanta .The most
emerging disease around the world are
zoonotic . The director of CDC has said that 11
of the last 12 emerging infaction in the world
with serious health consequences has arisen
from animal sources. This rise in the number of
zoonotic disease is due to wild animal trade
across the countries and keeping of animal as
domestic pets.

6. Animal Disease
Bats Rabies and viral infection
Cat Plague,Anthrax,Cowpox,Tape worm and
Bacterial infection
Dogs Plague,tape worm, rabies,rocky
mountain spotted fever and lyme
disease
Horses Anthrax, rabies, salmonella infections
Cattle Anthrax,European tick borne
encephalitis, rabies, tapeworm,
salmonella infection

7. Pigs Tape worm,anthrax,influenza,rabies
Rabbits Plagu ,Q-fever
Birds Salmonellosis,Campylobacteriosis,chlam
ydia psittaci, pasteurella multocida,
histoplasm capsulatum

9. There are different methods of transmission of
zoonotic diseases. There are:
A) Direct contact :
Infectious disease can spread by being near to
an infected animal especially coming in close
contact with infected animal.
B) By ingestion :
Some diseases occur in human beings after
ingesting the flesh of an animal. For exampel –
Tape worm can spread to human when people
eat meat of infected cattle, swine etc . Even
drinking water which contains eggs of
parasite, can cause disease in man

10. C) Vector Borne :
The disease spread by insect vectors such as
flea or tick, as they feed on infected animal and
on human beings and these blood feeding
insect often carry the disease from animal to
human .

14. Rabies is a zoonotic disease which is cause by
LYSSAVIRUS Type -1 of family
RHABDOVIRIDAE.
It is know as HYDROPHOBIA. It is deadly virus
disease affecting the central nerveous system. It
is almost contracted to rabid animal . It is
widely distributed acroos the globe. More than
55000 people die each year due to rabies . Most
human deats follow abite from an infected dog.
The victims of dog bite are under the age of 15,
which is about 30-60 %.

15. In India , it occurs in all part of country except
Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep.
Every year 1.1 to 1.5 million people receive anti
rabies treatment. More than 95 % of these cases
are bitten by dogs.

16. AGENT(Lyssavirus type 1of
Rhabdoviridae family)
HOST ENVIRONMENT
(Warm blooded (Rabid dog population
mammals) -stray dogs , bats)

17.  The causative organism is lyssavirus type 1
family rhabdoviridae.
 The virus is excreted through saliva of affected
animal,. Saliva of rabid animal is source of
infection.
 Rabies occurs in three epidemiological forms
such as urban, wild life & bat rabies .
 One rabid dog is capable of biting a large
number of human & animals.

19.  Warm blooded mammals including man is at
high risk for rabies.
 Dog handlers
 Hunters
 Veterinarians
 Laboratory staff working with rabies virus.

20.  Rabid dogs and cats, which have the rabies
virus in saliva.
 Vampire bat
 Jackal ,fox ,hyena are wild life carriers which
are the main reservoir and transmitter of
rabies.

21.  By bite of an infected animal
 Open scratch or wound in contact with
infectious material such as blood or saliva of an
infected animal.
 Human to human in case of corneal transplant
from an infected individual.
 By mucous membrane when it comes in contact
with material.
INCUBATION PERIOD : Two to eight weeks

22.  The first symptom can appear a few days to more
than year after being infected by bite . The
distinctive sign of rabies infection is a tingling or
twitching sensation around the area of the animal
bite. It is accompained by :-
 Fever
 Headache
 Muscle aches
 Loss of appetite
 Nausea
 Fatigue

24. As the infection progress, then
 Irritiability
 Confusion
 Agitation
 Abnormal thoughts
 Posture change
 Convulsions
 Paralysis
 Extreme sensitivity to bright light, sound , touch
 Increased production of saliva or tears
 Difficulty in speaking

26. In advanced stages, it spreads to nervous system
,then patient has:
 Double vision
 Problems moving facial muscles
 Abnormal movements of diaphragm
 Difficulty in swallowing
 Increased production of saliva causing foaming
at mouth.

27.  History of bite by a rabid animal
 Clinical signs/symptoms especially
hydrophobia
 Antigen detection using immuno fluorescence
of skin biopsy
 Isolation of virus from saliva

28. A) Early diagnosis :
Early dignosis of rabies , with or without
laboratory confirmation is important for
prevention of exposure of health care workers and
for initiation of specific therapy . Early clinical
features of rabies are pain ,paresthesia & prurities
at site of virus entry . Patients should be
diagnosed and those who need aggressive care
must be admitted to hospital where they can have
access to critical care unit.

29.  In case , a dog has bitten a man ,then
 Promptly scrub the site with water & soap
 Apply alcohol on wound
 Administer rabies immuno-globulin (RIG)
around the site of bite
 Administer fine doses of tissue culture vaccine
including human diploid cell rabies vaccine on
the days 0,3,7,14 and 28 after exposure.

31.  Other measures of tretment include:
1) Isolation :
The patient of rabies should be isolated in dark
room and quite room, where the stimuli are less, as
the stimuli may precipitate the spasms or
convulsions.
2) Reduce anxiety and pain :
The patient & anxiety can be relieved by admini-
stering sedatives such as morphine sulphate to
allay acute sufferings.
3)Hydration :
patient should be hydrated but make sure that the
I/V fluid bottles are covered. Monitor urine output
as to assess the kidney function.

32. 4) Intensive care :
If the patient is having respiratory or cardiac
problem due to rabies, then patient should be
kept in intensive care unit to provide intensive
care.
5) Vaccine :
Vaccine used is rabies is rabies human diploid cell
vaccine (HDCV) and tissue culture vaccine. It
should be given to high risk groups like animal
handlers, lab workers, zoo keepers, trappers
etc.
It given either I/M or I/D . The three doses are on
the day 0 then 7th,then 21st or 28th day.Booster
dose is required after every two years,

35. Who are at risk of contracting rabies. This vaccine
schedule is before the exposure to rabies .and after
exposure to rabies ,RIG &vaccine schedule is
followed as given under treatment.
Control the dogs/animals causing rabies &proper
handling :-
 Remove all stray dogs and cats
 Have all pets (dogs& cats)vaccinated.
 Do not allow bats to live in house chimney
 Avoid picking up dead or abandoned animals.
 Do not eat animal that do not look normal
 use gloves while skinning animals and handling
nervous tissue or organs.

36.  Isolate the patient
 Provide optimum comfort
 Darken the room and provide quiet
environment
 Patient should not be bathed and there should
not running water in room or near the room at
hearing distance.
 I/V fluids should be wrapped and needle
should be securely anchored to avoid
Dislodging.