1. Vasanthan_V
09MTBI29

2. • Energy is stored in the form of high-energy-transfer
compounds(of which ATP is most imp..).
• The principle of coupling exergonic reactions to
endergonic reactions requires the utilization of
high-energy-transfer compounds like ATP.
• An electrochemical proton gradient may result in
ATP synthesis,but it can also be used for other
biological purposes like generating heat and
rotation of bacterial flagella.

3. • In cell biosynthetic processes
requires energy.
• Energy from ATP is used to convert
one chemical substance into another
and to synthesize complex
substances from simpler ones.

4. Synthesis of small molecules:
THE AMINO ACIDS
Synthesis of macro molecules:
THE STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS
OF A CELL WALL PEPTIDOGLYCAN
THE BIOSYNTHSIS OF
DNA(DeoxyriboNucleicAcid)
PROCESS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

5. • Amino acids,of which there are about 20,are the
building blocks of proteins.
• The sequence & manner in which in which they are
linked determine the type of protein they form.
• A microorganism growing in a medium may have
all 20 of amino acids present in the medium;that
is ,they are available for the microbe,performmed in
the medium.
• If they are not available freely in the medium,the
microorganism may have to liberate amino acids
from proteins by the action of intracellular or
extracellular proteolytic enzymes.

10. • In cell,major end prodts of biosynthesis are
proteins and nucleic acids.
• However, they are macromolecular peculiar to
the prokaryotes which require specialized
biosynthetic processess.
• This also serves as a example of how polymers
are synthesized outside the membrane.

11. • Rigid wall of cell wall structure is
 Murein
 Peptidoglycan
 Mucopeptide.
 Walls of gram +ve bacteria contains large amount
of peptidoglycan.
 Gram –ve has smaller proportion.
 Peptidoglycan has three buliding blocks
 Acetylglycosamine(AGA or GlcNAc)
 Acrtylmuramic acid(AMA or MurNAc)
 A peptide containing of 4 or 5 amino acids of
limited varity.

15. • E.coli can synthesize cell-wall peptidoglycan
when grown in a simple medium of glucose,
Ammonium sulfate,and mineral salts.

18.  Precursors synthesised in the bacterial cell
 • Lipid carrier – bactoprenol essential role
 – Very hydrophobic C55 alcohol
 – Bonds to N-acetyl glucosamine/N-acetyl muramic
acid/pentapeptide peptidoglycan precursors
 – Transports precursors across the cytoplasmic
membrane by rendering them hydrophobic enough to
pass through
 – Once in periplasm bactoprenol interacts with that insert
cell wall precursors into the growing point of the cell wall
and catalyse glycosidic bond formation

19.  • Final step in peptidoglycan synthesis
 • Involves formation of peptide cross-links between muramic
acid residues in adjacent chains
 • 'penicillin-binding proteins' in the outer leaf of the cell
membrane responsible for this step
 – enzymes responsible for the final stages of assembly of the
peptidoglycan molecule
 – up to 4 in Gram positive bacteria, up to 11 in Gram
negative bacteria
 – PBPs use a serine containing molecule to bond covalently
with the peptidoglycan chains

20. • Another DNA is a template; in the biosynthesis of
protein molecule of RNA is the template.
STUCTURE OF DNA
DNA from any cell is a long rope like
molecule compossed of 2
strands,wound to form double helix.
Proposed by james watson & francis
crick.

22. DNA
NUCLEOTIDES
NUCLEOSIDES PHOSPHORIC ACID
PURINE BASE PYRIMIDINE BASE SUGAR
(ADENINE, (CYTOSINE, (2-DEOXY
GUANINE) THYMINE) RIBOSE)