The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech reports the original words without changes, using quotation marks. Indirect speech makes some changes to the original words, such as changing pronouns and verb tenses, and does not use quotation marks. It also discusses the different types of sentences - declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, and optative - and provides examples of how to change declarative sentences to indirect speech by modifying pronouns, time/place details, and verb tenses.

1. By: Ashoka HOUSE

2. There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the
words spoken by a person to other person.
1. Direct speech
2.Indirect speech
Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in
school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you
want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There
are two ways to tell him.
Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.
Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

3. In direct speech the original words of person are
narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in
quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes
are made in original words of the person because these
words have been uttered in past so the tense will
change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed
accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the
person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word
“that” may be used before the statement to show that it
is indirect speech. Indirect speech is also called
reported speech because reported speech refers to the
second part of indirect speech in which something has
been told by a person.

4. The sentence is traditionally (and inadequately)
defined as a word or group of words that expresses
a complete idea and that includes a subject and
a verb.
Examples:
Preetham did not go to school
Why didn’t Abhay go to School?
Prajwal ordered Pruthvi to bring him some
water
I can't believe this, I am so upset!
 May God help you!
Etc.,

5. When people form sentences, they do many things, they ask
questions, make requests, make statements, or they exclaim a
powerful feeling or emotion. Because sentences convey
statements, requests, strong emotion, and questions they can
be categorized into five different types of sentences;
•Declarative sentences,
•Interrogative sentences,
•Imperative sentences,
•Exclamatory sentences
•Optative
and
Note: Sometimes Optative Sentences are considered as
Exclamatory sentences

6. The declarative sentence is the most common
kind of sentence in language, in most
situations, and in a way can be considered the
default function of a sentence. What this means
essentially is that when a language modifies a
sentence in order to form a question or give a
command, the base form will always be the
declarative.

7. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Manthan is the captain of our team.
Ganesh is the best student in our class.
Jack says (that) he wants to go
Chandan likes playing
There are five million people at risk.
London is the capital of England.
She asked whether I liked her dress.
I hope you can come tomorrow
He said (that) he had seen a famous TV presenter there the
day before.
10.Sachin is the best cricket player in the world

8. Statements in the Indirect Speech are introduced by the
Conjunction
Example:
1. Paresh said, “ I do not know where to go”.
Paresh said that he did not know where to go.
2. Neha said, “I received some very good news”.
Neha said that she had received some good news.
3. Teacher said, “I am tired of hearing these complaints”.
Teacher said that she was tired of hearing those
complaints.

9. When turning declarative sentences into indirect speech, we
need to pay attention to the following points.
 Changing the pronouns
Example:
He said: I saw a famous TV presenter.
He said (that) he had seen a famous TV presenter.
 changing the information about time and place.
Example:
He said, “I saw a famous TV presenter here yesterday.”
He said (that) he had seen a famous TV
presenter there the day before.
 Changing the tense
Example:
He said, “She was eating an ice-cream at the table where
you are sitting.”
He said (that) she had been eating an ice-cream at the
table where I was sitting.

10. When introductory verbs are in the present or in the
future tense, the tenses of the verbs remains unchanged
Examples:
1. He says, “I am hungry”
He says that he is hungry.
2. He will say, “I am hungry”
He will say that he is hungry.

11. 1. John said, ‘I am very busy now.’
2. He said, ‘The horse has been fed.’
3. ‘I know her name and address,’ said John.
4. ‘German is easy to learn,’ she said.
5. He said, ‘I am writing letters.’
John said that he was very busy then.
2. He said that the horse had been fed.
3. John said that he knew/knows her name and address. (Note
that the tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant
or if it is a universal truth.)
4. She said that German is/was easy to learn.
5. He said that he was writing letters.
1.

12. 6. ‘It is too late to go out,’ Alice said.
7. He said to me, ‘I don’t believe you.’
8. He says, ‘I am glad to be here this evening.’
9. He said to me, ‘What are you doing?’
10. ‘Where is the post office?’ asked the stranger.
11. He said, ‘Will you listen to me?’
12. John said to Peter, ‘Go away.’
6. Alice said that it was too late to go out.
7. He told me that he didn’t believe me. OR He said he didn’t
believe me.
8. He says that he is glad to be here this evening. (When the
reporting verb is in the present tense, adverbs of time and
place do not normally change in indirect speech.)
9. He asked me what I was doing.
10. The stranger asked where the post office is/was.
11. He asked me if I would listen to him.
12. John ordered Peter to go away.

13. Lubna
Varun
Ramkumar
Spoorthi
Agneya
Arunima
Kathiresan
Mohamed Hasham
Sai Sahithi
Srihari
Syed Md. Zaheer