- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is the second most consumed vegetable in the world after potatoes. It is cultivated throughout temperate and tropical regions for its nutrient-rich fruit. - Tomatoes originate from the Andean region of South America but were domesticated in Mexico. They were later spread worldwide by Europeans. - Tomatoes have chasmogamous flowers that self-pollinate but can also cross-pollinate up to 47% depending on conditions. Manual pollination techniques include emasculation, pollen collection and application.

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2. • Scientific Name :Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
• Family : Solanaceae
• Chromosome No. : 2n = 2x = 24
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3. • Even though it is consumed
in the ripened stage it is
considered as a vegetable
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4. • 2nd most consumed vegetable after potato in the
world
• 1st in terms of total contribution of nutrients to
human diet among vegetables
• Consumed in fresh form and various processed forms
like soup, sauce, ketchup, paste, puree, canned etc.
• Tops the list of processed vegetables
• Also an ideal model plant for physiological,
biochemical, cytological and molecular investigations
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5. • Cultivated all over the world
• Area : 4643957 ha
• Production : 129942416 MT (FAO, 2007)
• Leading countries are USA, Russia, Italy, China,
India, Turkey, Egypt, Spain, Greece, Brazil, and
Mexico
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6. • Originated in the New World (South America)
specifically to the Andean region encompassed by
parts of Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Bolivia and
Peru.
• Domestication in Mexico by the Indians
• Immediate ancestor : L. esculentum var.
cerasiforme (wild cherry
tomato)
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7. • After Spanish conquest of South America spread
to Europe, USA and the rest of the world
• Concomitant gradual evolution of the large
fruited types and shift from allogamy to
autogamy under domestication
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8. • L. esculentum
• L. pimpinellifolium
• L. cheesmani
• L. hirsutum
• L. pennellii
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• L. chmielewskii
• L. parviflorum
• L. chilense
• L. peruvianum

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FLORAL
BIOLOGY
FLORAL
MORPHOLOGY
FLORAL
ANTHESIS

10. • Extra-axillary cyme with
dichotomous or
polychotomous branching
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11. • Ebracteate, bright yellow,
chasmogamous, pentamerous,
actinomorphic, hypogynous,
hermaphrodite, with pistil
enveloped by a solid tube
formed by the stamens
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12. • 5 sepals
• United
• Often persistent
• Possesses trichomes
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13. • Bright yellow
• 5 petals
• Gamopetalous
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14. • 5 stamens
• Epipetalous
• Small filaments
• Large anthers
• Stamens form a solid
cone enclosing the pistil
• Anther dehiscence is
introsely longitudinal
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15. • Ovary - superior,
bicarpellory &
syncarpous
• Style - Single
• Stigma - Bilobed
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Stigma
Style
Pores
Petal
Calyx
Ovary
Ovule
Tip of Pistil
Tube of Fused
Anthers

18. • Starts in morning around 6 am and continues till
11 am
• Maximum flower opening – 7 to 9 am
• Stigma receptivity – 16 to 18 hrs before anthesis
to 5 to 6 days after anthesis
• Pollen viability – 2 to 5 days (18 - 25°C) & upto 6
months in a dessicator (5°C)
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19. • Essentially a Self Pollinated
crop as stamens form a solid
cone enclosing the pistil
• Self pollination varies
between 94 - 99%
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• But 1.5 – 47% Natural Cross pollination have
been reported depending on
– Temperature
– Insect population & activity at flowering time
– Planting design
– Plant population
– Wind velocity & direction
– Genotypic nature

21. • Maximum if pollination is at the time of anthesis
• Fertilization occurs 24 to 50 hrs after pollination
• 6 to 8 weeks from first flower to ripe fruit
• Fruit is a berry
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22. • Bagging of young bud
• Manual transfer of freshly collected pollen on
stigmas of flowers of the same plant
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23. • Includes
–Emasculation
–Pollen collection
–Artificial pollination
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24. • Select a bud in which
anthesis will commence 12
- 16 hours later
• Petals just out of the bud
• Corolla colour is slight
yellow or even paler
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25. • Removal of organs
from flower of
parent
• Use sharp-pointed
forceps to force open
the selected buds
• Then split open the
anther cone
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26. • Grasp the anther cone with
forceps with one tip inserted
between style & anther and
the other between anther
and calyx
• Gently pulling away from
the floral axis carefully
remove the anther cone out
of the bud, leaving the
calyx, corolla and pistil
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27. • Or the stamens can also be
removed individually
• Bag the emasculated flowers
• Normally emasculation is
done in the afternoon and
pollination in the next
morning
• To avoid emasculation CGMS
or GMS lines can be used
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Emasculated Flower

28. • Collect flowers from the male
parent during early morning
hours
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• Remove the anther cones
from the flowers and put
them in glassine
envelopes

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• Dry the anthers by
placing the envelopes
30 cm below a 100-watt
lamp for 24 hours. The
temperature is around
30ºC

30. • Put the dried anther cones in a
plastic cup. Cover the cup with a
fine mesh screen (200-300 mesh)
and then seal it with a similar
tight-fitting cup, serving as a lid
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• Shake the cup about 10-
20 times so that the
pollen is collected in the
“lid” cup.

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• Transfer the pollen into a small
suitable container for pollination.
Fresh pollen is best for good
fruit-set. It can be kept for one
day at moderate room
temperature
• Or can be placed in dehydrator with silica gel &
kept in a refrigerator at 10°C to maintain
viability for 10 - 15 days

32. • Tap or vibrate the flower to release the pollen
and collect it in a glass tube
• Or use a flattened dissecting needle or forceps to
gather pollen by cutting a slit in the anther cone
and scraping the contents of one antheridia at a
time
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• On complete
blossoming of the
emasculated flowers
cut their calyx and
corolla to expose the
stigma

34. • Dip the stigma into the
pool of pollen in the
pollen container
• Or pollinate by touching
the stigma with the tip of
the index finger dipped
in the pollen pool
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35. • Freshly collected pollen can also be applied with
a camel hair brush or by using a pollination
syringe
• Hybridized flowers are tagged properly
• Pollination is usually done 3 times weekly on
alternate days over a 3-5 week period depending
upon rate of flower development
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36. • Successful pollination results in
ovary enlargement within 4 - 5
days
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• Success rate - 50 to 70%
• Depends upon temperature and humidity
• 22 - 28°C and 70 - 80% RH are optimum for good
seed set
• Pollinate only first 3 - 4 flowers in each
inflorescence as basal flowers set seeds better
than terminal ones

37. • Hybrid fruit can be
recognized by the cut
sepals
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