4. • A : airway-patent, no C-spine tenderness
• B : no dyspnea, trachea in midline,
equal breath sound, no adventitious
sound both lungs, no neck v. engorged,
no distance heart sound,
ribs - not tender, no stepping,
no open wound on chest wall
Primary Survey
5. Primary Survey
C : BP 172/ 80 mmHg, P 94 bpm with full
regular pulses, capillary refill < 2 sec,
no external active bleeding,
pelvic compression test – negative
D : pupil 3 mm RTLBE, E4V5M6
E : ecchymosis 3 x 4 cm and tenderness
at right greater trochanter,
PR - not done
8. Secondary Survey
Head to toe examination
GA : A Thai old woman, good conciousness
not pale, no jaundice, no dyspnea
HEENT : no pale conjunctivae, anicteric sclera
CVS : full regular pulse, no carotid bruit
normal S1 S2, no murmur
Respiratory : equal breath sound,
no adventitious sound
9. Secondary Survey
GI : soft, normoactive bowel sound
not tender, no guarding/rebound
tenderness
Extremities
- inspection : marked swelling, ecchymosis 3 x
4 cm.,
at right greater trochanter
- palpation : tenderness at right greater
trochanter
- limit ROM of Rt hip due to pain
(flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
10. Secondary Survey
- special test : Anvil and Rolling positive at
right leg
- neurovascular :
full Rt. Dorsalis pedis a., Posteriot tibial a.,
Popliteal a.
capillary refill < 2 sec
motor power of Rt. plantar flexion,
dorsiflexion grade V
16. Extracapsular fractures of the proximal femur
between the greater and lesser trochanters
Mechanism
1.elderly - low energy falls in
osteoporotic patients
2.young - high energy trauma
Intertrochanteric Fracture
17. Intertrochanteric Fracture
Prognosis
nonunion and malunion rates are low
20-30% mortality risk in the first year following
fracture
factors that increase mortality
- operative delay of >2 days
- age >85 years
- 2 or more pre-existing medical conditions
- ASA classification (ASA III and IV increases mortality)
surgery within 48 hours decreases 1 year
mortality
19. Imaging
Radiographs
- AP pelvis
- AP of hip, cross table lateral
- full length femur radiographs
CT or MRI
useful if radiographs are negative but
physical exam consistent with fracture
20. Management
1. Nonoperative – “skin traction” 4-6 weeks
Indications
- nonambulatory patients
- patients at high risk for
perioperative mortality
Outcomes
- high rates of pneumonia, urinary tract
infections, pressure sore, and DVT
22. Intertrochanteric Fracture
2.2 ). arthroplasty
Indications
-severely comminuted fractures
-preexisting symptomatic degenerative
arthritis
-osteoporotic bone that is unlikely to hold
internal fixation
-salvage for failed internal fixation