2. Name: Baldaniya Vanita Velabhai
Semester: 3
Roll No: 29
Class: M. A. Part 2
Paper: 11 The Post Colonial Literature.
Work: Presentation
Email. Id: vanitabaldaniya0806@gmail.com
Topic: Post Colonial Terms (Imperialism, Nation/Nationalism)
Submitted by Smt. S. B. Gardi
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji
Bhavnagar University.
Department of English.
3. Imperialism
• Imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire. Its
name originated from the Latin word "imperium",
which means to rule over large territories.
Imperialism is "a policy of extending a country's
power and influence through colonization, use of
military force, or other means".
• Imperialism has greatly shaped the contemporary
world.
• The term imperialism has been applied to
Western (and Japanese) political and economic
dominance especially in Asia and Africa in the
19th and 20th centuries. Its precise meaning
continues to be debated by scholars. Some
writers, such as Edward Said, use the term more
broadly to describe any system of domination and
subordination organised with an imperial centre
and a periphery.
•
4. Imperialism is defined:
• Imperialism is defined as "an unequal human
and territorial relationship, usually in the
form of an empire, based on ideas of
superiority and practices of dominance, and
involving the extension of authority and
control of one state or people over another.“
• Imperialism is a process and ideology that
does not only focus on political dominance,
but rather, conquest over expansion.
Imperialism is particularly focused on the
control that one group, often a state power,
has on another group of people.
• There are "formal" or "informal"
imperialism. "Formal imperialism" is, "the
physical control or full-fledged colonial rule".
• "Informal control" is less direct, however; it
is still a powerful form of dominance.
•
5. The definition of imperialism
• The definition of imperialism has not been finalized for
centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the
policies of major powers, or simply, general-purpose
aggressiveness. Further on, some writers used the
term imperialism, in slightly more discriminating
fashion, to mean all kinds of domination or control by
a group of people over another. To clear out this
confusion about the definition of imperialism, one
could speak of "formal" and "informal" imperialism.
The first meaning physical control or "full-fledged
colonial rule", while the second implied less direct rule
though still contains perceivable kinds of dominance.
•
6. • Informal rule is generally less costly than
taking over territories formally. This is
because, with informal rule, the control is
spread more subtly through technological
superiority, enforcing land officials into large
debts that cannot be repaid, ownership of
private industries thus expanding the
controlled area, or having countries agree to
uneven trade agreements forcefully.
7. • It is mostly accepted that modern-day colonialism is an expression
of imperialism and cannot exist without the latter. The extent to
which "informal" imperialism with no formal colonies is properly
described remains a controversial topic amongst historians. Both
colonization and imperialism have been described by Tom
Nairn and Paul James as early forms of globalization:
• Even if a particular empire does not have a "global reach" as we
would define it today, empires by their nature still tend to
contribute to processes of globalization because of the way that
imperial power tends to generate counter-power at its edge-lands
and send out reverberations far beyond the territories of their
immediate control.
•
8. • The word imperialism became common in Great Britain during the
1870s and was used with a negative connotation. In Britain, the
word had until then mostly been used to refer to the politics
of Napoleon III in obtaining favourable public opinion in France
through foreign military interventions.
10. Nationalism
• Nationalism is essentially a shared group feeling in the significance
of a geographical and sometimes demographic region seeking
independence for its culture and/or ethnicity that holds that group
together, this can be expressed as a belief or political ideology that
involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to,
one's nation.
Nationalism involves national identity, by contrast with the related
concept of patriotism, which involves the social conditioning and
personal behaviours that support a state's decisions and actions.
11. • From a political or sociological perspective, there are two
main perspectives on the origins and basis of nationalism.
One is the primordialist perspective that describes
nationalism as a reflection of the ancient and perceived
evolutionary tendency of humans to organize into distinct
groupings based on an affinity of birth. The other is
the modernist perspective that describes nationalism as a
recent phenomenon that requires the structural conditions
of modern society in order to exist.
• An alternative perspective to both of these lineages comes
out of Engaged theory, and argues that while the form of
nationalism is modern, the content and subjective reach of
nationalism depends upon 'primordial' sentiments.
12. The nation has been described by Benedict Anderson as an "imagined
community“and by Paul James as an "abstract community".
• It is an imagined community in the sense that the material conditions exist
for imagining extended and shared connections.
• It is an abstract community in the sense that it is objectively impersonal,
even if each individual in the nation experiences him or herself as
subjectively part of an embodied unity with others. For the most part,
members of a nation remain strangers to each other and will never likely
meet.
• Hence the phrase, "a nation of strangers" used by such writers as Vance
Packard.
13. Nation
• Nation (from Latin: natio, "people, tribe, kin, genus,
class, flock") is a social concept with no uncontroversial
definition,but which is most commonly used to
designate larger groups or collectives of people with
common characteristics attributed to them -
including language, traditions, customs (mores), habits
(habitués), and ethnicity.
• A nation, by comparison, is more impersonal, abstract,
and overtly political than an ethnic group. It is a
cultural-political community that has become
conscious of its autonomy, unity, and particular
interests.
14. • According to Ford's National Question: "a nation is not
a racial or tribal, but a historically
constituted community of people;" "a nation is not a
casual or ephemeral conglomeration, but a stable
community of people"; "a nation is formed only as a
result of lengthy and systematic intercourse, as a result
of people living together generation after generation";
and, in its entirety:
"a nation is a historically constituted, stable
community of people, formed on the basis of a
common language, territory, economic life, and
psychological make-up manifested in a
common culture.”
