The document provides details about the hypothetical village of Palampur, where farming is the main economic activity. It describes Palampur's population, infrastructure, agricultural practices, factors of production, and how farming and non-farming activities generate income and employment for villagers. Specifically, it notes that multiple cropping and use of modern farming methods have increased crop yields but may threaten long-term sustainability of the land. It also explains how land ownership affects livelihoods and that small farmers, landless laborers, and non-farm jobs are important for local livelihoods and income.
4. Palampur is a hypothetical village,
where farming is the main activity.
Well-connected with neighbouring
villages & towns. It is 3 km away from
Raiganj — a big village
5. Connectivity in Palampur
❖ The village has an all weathered road
which connects it with nearby places.
❖ Bullock carts, tangas, jeeps, motorcycles,
tractors & trucks are type of visible
transport facility available in Palampur.
6. There are 450 families belonging to
several different castes live in the village
The SCs (dalits) comprise
1/3rd of the population.
80 Upper Caste Families
● Own majority of land
● Live in big houses
made up of bricks
with cement
plastering
● Live in corner of the
village in smaller
houses made up of
mud & straw
● Landless mostly.
7. Public Facilities in Palampur
❖ Most of the houses have electric
connections.
❖ The village has two primary schools & one
high school
❖ There is a primary health centre run by
the government and one private
dispensary.
Thus, we can say that Palampur has fairly
well-developed system of roads, transport,
electricity, irrigation, schools and health
centre.
10. Production
It is the organised activity of
transforming resources into finished
products.
Aim of Production
Producing Goods and Services that we
want
12. Land, and other natural resources such as
water, forests, minerals.
Land
People who will do the work.
Production activities requires both skilled
and unskilled labourers.
Labour
1
2
13. Items under Physical Capital are
divided among two categories :-
Fixed Capital : includes tools, machines,
buildings, can be used in production
over many years.
Ex : Plough, generator, computer, etc.
Working Capital : includes raw
material, money, etc.
Physical capital it means variety of inputs
required at every stage during production.
It has following 2 types:
Physical Capital
3
14. Fixed Capital Working Capital
Serves for long
term
Serves for short
term
Remains in the
business almost
permanently
You need to buy it
for every batch of
production.
Eg. Land, Machines Eg. Money, Raw
material
15. Knowledge is required to be able to put
together land, labour and physical capital
and produce an output either to use
yourself or to sell in the market.
These days it is known as human capital.
4
Knowledge/Human Capital
18. Farming is the main production
activity in palampur
75% of its population practices
agriculture
The well-being of these people
is closely related to Production
of the farms
They could be farmers or farm
labourers.
19. Since 1960 in Palampur, there has been no
expansion in land area under cultivation.
Some of the Wastelands in the village had
been converted to cultivable land.
Constraint
Step taken by
Villagers
20. Is there a way one can grow
more from the same land?
2
21. Kharif Season
During rainy season
farmers grow Jowar
and Bajra.
These plants are used
as fodder for Cattle
It is followed by
Cultivation of potato
between October and
December
In the kind of crops grown & facilities
available, Palampur would resemble a village
of the western part of the state of Uttar
Pradesh.
22. Rabi Season
In winters, Fields are sown with wheat.
Out of which farmers keep enough wheat
for family consumption and sell the Surplus
wheat at the Market at Raiganj.
Sugarcane is also harvested once a year.
Later, in its raw form or as Jaggery it is sold
to traders in nearby town Shahpur.
23. Do You Know ?
The standard unit of measuring land is
hectare(ha), though in the villages you
may find land area being discussed in
local units such as bigha, guintha, etc.
24. Reasons that enabled the growth of
three different crops in a year
Well-developed
Irrigation
System
Availability
of
Electricity
Reasons
25. Earlier, Persian wheels were, used by
farmers to draw water from the wells and
irrigate small fields.
Now, they use Electric-run tubewells as they
could irrigate land more effectively.
Evolution of Irrigation System in Palampur
26. Later, farmers
started setting up
private tubewells
As a result, by
mid-1970s the entire
cultivated area of 200
ha. was irrigated.
The first few tubewells
were installed by the
government
Development of Tubewells
27. Of the total cultivable area in the country a
little less than 40% is irrigated even today.
In the remaining areas, farming is largely
dependent on rainfall.
Do You
Know ?
28. 2. Growing
more than one
crop on a piece
of land during
the year.
3. All farmers in
Palampur grow
at least two
main crops.
Many are
growing potato
as a third crop.
1. Most
common way of
increasing
production on
a given piece of
land.
Multiple Cropping
30. ❖ One way of increasing production
from the same land is by Multiple
Cropping. It is a natural way.
The other way is to use Modern Farming
Methods for higher yield.
It requires more inputs such as:
❏ HYV Seeds
❏ Pesticides, Insecticides, Fertilizers
❏ Poper Irrigation , etc.
31. ❖ Till the mid- 1960s, the seeds used in
cultivation were traditional ones with
relatively low yields.
❖ Traditional seeds needed less irrigation.
❖ Farmers used cow-dung and other
natural manure as fertilizers.
Traditional Farming Practices
All these were readily available with the
farmers who did not have to buy them.
32. Green Revolution
Introduced cultivation of wheat and
rice using high yielding varieties
(HYVs) of seeds.
HYV seeds produces much greater
amounts of grain on a single plant
Needs plenty of water, chemical
fertilizers & pesticides to produce
best results.
33. Farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Western
Uttar Pradesh were the first to try out the
modern farming method in India.
The farmers in these regions set up tube
wells for irrigation, and used HYV seeds,
chemical fertilizers and Pesticides
Some of them bought farm machinery like
tractors and threshers, which made
ploughing and harvesting faster. They were
rewarded with high yields of wheat..
They were rewarded with high yields of wheat.
34. In Palampur, the yield of
wheat grown from the
traditional varieties was 1300
kg/ha.
With HYV seeds, the yield
went upto 3200 kg/ha.
There was a large increase in production.
Therefore, farmers have greater amounts of
surplus (extra production) to sell in the
market now.
36. In many areas, Green Revolution is
associated with the loss of soil fertility
due to increased use of chemical
fertilisers.
Scientific reports indicate that the
modern farming methods have overused
the natural resource base.
Continuous use of groundwater for
tubewell irrigation has reduced the
water-table below the ground.
Cons of Modern Farming Methods
37. Chemical fertilizers provide minerals which
dissolve in water and are immediately
available to plants.
Bad Impacts
❏ The minerals may not be retained in
the soil for long. These may escape
from soil and pollute groundwater.
❏ They also kills the bacteria and other
microorganisms in the soil.
❏ The continuous use of chemical
fertilizers in Punjab has led to
degradation of soil health.
38. Environmental resources such as Soil fertility
& groundwater are built up over many years,
Once destroyed it is very difficult to restore
them.
We must take care of the
environment to ensure future
development of agriculture.
39. How is land distributed between
the Farmers in Palampur?
4
40. Land distribution in Palampur
Landless
One-third (150
families), most of
them were Dalits
Land less than 2 hectares
240 families
Land more than 2 hectares
60 families
Cultivation of such plot doesn't bring
adequate income. They need to look for
additional occupation.
41. Unfortunately, not all the people
engaged in agriculture have sufficient
land for cultivation.
43. Farming requires a great deal of hard
work
After land, labour is the next necessary
factor for production
Small farmers
cultivate their field
with their families.
Thus, they provide
the labour
required for
farming themselves
While Medium and
Large farmers hire
farm labourers to
work on their field.
44. Farm labourers
Farm labourers come either from
landless families or families cultivating
small plots of land.
❖ Farm labourers don't have right over the
crops grown on land.
❖ Wages : Wages can be in Cash or Crop.
Wages very widely from region to
region, crop to crop, one farm
activity to another.
45. ❖ Variation in Duration of Employment :
Farm labourers might be employed on a
daily basis, or for one particular farm
activity (harvesting) or for the whole year.
46. Do You Know ?
The minimum wages for a farm labourer
set by the government is Rs.300
(March,2017) per day.
Problem:
There is a heavy competition for work
among farm labourers, so people agree
to work for lower wages.
48. Modern farming methods require a
great deal of capital, that's why now the
farmers need more money.
Small Farmers
Borrow money from
moneylenders
The rate of interest
on such loans is very
high, put to great
distress to repay the
loan.
Medium & large
Farmers
They have their
own savings from
farming.
Thus they are able
to arrange for the
capital needed.
50. Let us suppose that the farmers have
produced wheat on their land.
The wheat is harvested and production
is complete. What do the farmers do
with the wheat now?
Farmers retain a part of the wheat for the
family’s consumption and sell the surplus
wheat.
51. Small Farmers
Their total
production is small
& from this a
substantial share is
kept for their family
needs.
So, they have no
surplus left.
Medium & large
Farmers
It is the medium &
large Farmers who
supply wheat to the
market.
The traders at market buy the wheat
and sell it further to shopkeepers in the
towns and cities.
52.
53. Benefits of Earning
(Medium & Large Farmers)
❖ Mostly money is saved in the bank
account
given as credit to small farmer.
❖ Able to arrange capital : A part of
earning is kept for buying
capital for next session.
❖ Some farmers might also use the savings
to buy cattle, trucks or set up shop.
56. Common
activity in
many families
of Palampur
The milk is sold
in Raiganj at
milk centres
People feed
their buffalos
on various
kinds of grass
& the Jowar
and Bajra.
From there, it
is further
transported to
other towns
and cities.
58. Less than 50 people are engaged in
manufacturing in Palampur.
Manufacturing in Palampur involves very
simple production method and are done on a
small scale.
Most of the work is carried out at home with
the help of Family Labour.
Labourers are hired rarely.
60. People
involved in
trade are not
many.
There are small
general stores
in the
palampur
The traders buy
various goods
from wholesale
markets in the
cities and sell
them in the
village.
Wide range of
items such as
rice, wheat,
sugar, soap,
toothpaste,
eatables are
available in
stores.
62. Variety of vehicles on the road connects
Palampur to Raiganj
Rickshawallahs, tongawallahs, jeep, tractor,
truck drivers are involved in transport
services.
They ferry people and goods from one place
to another, and in return get paid for it.
The no. of people involved in transport has
grown over the last several years.
