Intenews Survey of Ukrainian Journalsits 2012 English Report

Survey of Ukrainian
Journalists
Analytical report
January 2013
The research became possible due to support United States Agency for International
Development (USAID) provided through U-Media project of Internews. All
conclusions are responsibility of InMind and do not necessary reflect the opinions of
Internews, USAID and American government.

2
Contents
Research objectives
Research Design
Key findings
1. Professional Journalism Standards
2. Research on opinion of audience
3. Paid journalism
4. Influence by owners of media
5. Censorship
6. Protection of journalists
7. Employment relations
8. Law literacy
9. Education
10.Demography

Research objectives
3
Overall goal of the survey was studying journalists’
professionalism and needs in training and other
technical support.
The survey had the following objectives:
1. Study level of journalists’ professionalism
2. Estimate how journalists perceive state of freedom of
speech
3. Research on inside and outside factors impacting the
quality of journalist work and performance of their social
role, including employment relations, salary level, ethical
basis of journalism
4. Learn to which extend media outlets consider audience’s
interests
5. Estimate the level of awareness on media legislation in
particular, access to information, defamation, use of
personal data, etc.

4
Research design
Method: Online survey
Geography: entire Ukraine; cities having population 50 thousands or more
Fieldwork timing: October 15 – December 19, 2012
Total sample: 243 respondents
- Regional media: 185
- National media: 58
- Journalists: 115
- Editors: 128
- Print media: 119
- Internet: 83
- Television: 34
- Radio: 7

5
Key findings
Journalists’ role in the society
• The role of journalism in the society is mainly perceived by Ukrainian journalists
as production of news and information (83%). More proactive social roles i.e.
keep authorities accountable to the public, shape public opinion, improve citizens’
lives were mentioned by about 20% of survey participants.
Paid journalism
• Paid journalism in Ukrainian media is a wide-spread practice. Resp0ondents
estimated the volume of paid journalism at level more than 60% of all content.
Every second journalist has experience in paid journalism.
• Only 50% of respondents are negative towards paid materials. It’s important to
say that journalists are unwilling to discuss paid journalism – in most cases the
level of refusals (in either form) to answer questions about paid materials reaches
20%.
• Paid journalism is mainly initiated by editors – this has been mentioned by 76% of
respondents, who had experience with such materials. Direct orders to journalist
were mentioned by 40% of respondents.

6
Key findings
Influence of media ownership on content
• Majority of journalists were aware about who owns the media they work for (88%
of respondents). Influence of media-owners on editorial policy is frequent – 55%
of journalists have stated that media owners in either way influenced editorial
policy.
Censorship
• Rejection of «problematic» materials, editing of materials «for the sake of editor’s
peace» - were quite well-spread occurrences in Ukrainian media: from 50% to
70% of journalists have experienced or heard of such situations.
• For regional media, rejections of materials for the sake of keeping the author safe
were more specific.
• Influence of public authorities on editorial policy was a well-spread occurrence –
every second journalist has been experiencing or heard of such influence.
• Regional media are less protected from such influence comparing to national
media (22% in national media and 41% in regional media). Influence of
authorities is mostly revealed in orders regarding what, when and how to present
a certain topic.

7
Key findings
Journalists’ safety
• Majority of journalists experienced limitations by their supervisors during fulfilling
their professional responsibilities (66%). Most often, the limitations regarded
selection of topics (one third of respondents) and demand to follow the editorial
policy (one third of respondents).
• Half of journalists have experienced limitations of their labor rights – 73% were
limited in work process (had longer working day, did not get a paid vacation, etc.);
51% mentioned delayed paychecks and other non-complied financial
responsibilities of the employer, etc. about 16% experienced dismissals or
pressure purposefully for making a journalist quit.
• Not all journalists feel equally socially protected. In age disaggregation: younger
journalists (up to 35 years old) feel more secure comparing to ones older than 35.

8
Key findings
Legal literacy
• Respondent demonstrated spontaneous awareness of media legislation: 60 to
68% mentioned only 2 out of 20 documents that regulate rights and
responsibilities of journalists .
• Journalists demonstrated poorly awareness about legal responsibility for paid
journalism: only 6% have given the right answer. At this, one third of
respondents believed that there is no legal liability for production of paid content
and hidden advertisement.
Needs in professional training
• Disregarding the fact that almost 90%of respondents have experience in various
training, more than 50% of respondents demonstrated highly interest in
professional journalism training.
• In particular, 1/3 of respondents expressed interest in legal training, ¼ - in new
media training. Researches noticed the particular strong interest towards
Internet media development among regional newsrooms.

PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM
STANDARDS
9

Role of journalism in society
10Question: What is the main role of journalism in the society? (multiple choise) N=243, total sample
• Predominant majority of respondents perceive the key role of journalism in society as
production news and information (83%). However, 59% respondents envision a slightly
more socially proactive in their profession: they envision their role in keeping authorities
accountable, developing society, shaping public opinion.
83%
23%
23%
13%
6%
1%
7%
83%
22%
22%
12%
7%
1%
7%
81%
26%
26%
16%
3%
2%
7%
Informing the society / Objective informing
Develop / improve / educate / bring up /
clarify the society
Shaping of the public opinion
Control of authorities
Analysis of information
Entertaining
Other
Total sample Regional
National
39% of respondents
mentioned this function
solely

Journalism Standards
11
52%
52%
32%
28%
27%
21%
16%
15%
16%
11%
8%
7%
2%
53%
52%
32%
29%
26%
19%
17%
17%
15%
12%
9%
7%
2%
50%
52%
34%
24%
29%
28%
12%
10%
19%
7%
7%
7%
3%
Reliability
Objectivity
Honesty
Respect towards private lives of publication…
Benefit of the doubt
Detachment
Responsibility
Social responsibility
Independence
Respect towards cultural and social values
Fair practice
Tact
Other
National
Question: How do you think, which of standards of journalism a journalist must not
break at any price? (no more than 3 answers)
N=243, total sample
• Majority of respondents consider reliability and objectivity (52% each) as key standards of
journalism, both of them related to presentation of information.
• Relatively small group of journalists believe “responsibility” and “social responsibility” to be
vital journalism standards.
31%

Familiar
73%
Unfamiliar
27%
Adopted the code
43%
Use some of
regulations, but the
decision is made by the
owner of media
44%
Not adopted
14%
National 28%
Regional 49%
Code of Journalism Ethics
12
30%
25%
22%
20%
20%
16%
15%
12%
12%
12%
11%
10%
10%
10%
9%
7%
6%
5%
5%
5%
2%
28%
26%
24%
19%
22%
18%
14%
12%
12%
14%
8%
10%
8%
12%
8%
5%
5%
3%
6%
5%
3%
36%
22%
17%
25%
11%
14%
19%
14%
14%
6%
19%
11%
17%
3%
11%
11%
8%
11%
0%
3%
0%
All of them
Objectivity
Detachment
Respect towards private lives of publication protagonists
Presentation of different opinions
Freedom of speech
Reliability
Tact
Fair practice
Anonymity of sources of information
Benefit of the doubt
Responsibility
Respect towards culture and social values
No plagiarism
Honesty
Social responsibility
Independence
No publications of unverified information
Freedom of author's opinion
Adopted informally
Adopted regulations of other countries / international
Total sample
Regional
National
N=243, total sample
• Majority of respondents are familiar to the ethical code of journalists (73%).
• 43% of surveyed newsrooms adopted the Code of Journalism Ethics; regional media adopt code of ethics
rarer than national ones.
Used in newsroom
Regulations used by editorials
N=177
N=153
Question: Are you familiar with the ethical code of Ukrainian journalist? Which of the regulations of the ethical
code does your editorial use?


CONSIDERATION OF AUDIENCE
INTEREST IN EDITORIAL POLICIES
13

Count opinion of
audience 90%
Follow editorial
policy 74%
23%
67%
7%
3%
22%
70%
6%
2%
28%
59%
9%
5%
Our editorial policy is built exclusively on opinion
and interests of our audience
Editorial office, when possible, accounts interests
of the audience, at this it still follows its editorial
policy
All the journalists follow clearly established
editorial policy, disregarding on opinion of the
audience
Hard to say / Don't know Total sample Regional
National
Taking into account audience’s interests.
14
Question: How do you think, to which extent your editorial office accounts interests of
the audience when selecting topics and form of presentation of materials?
N=243, total sample
• Majority of newsrooms (90%) either way take count of their audience opinion in editorial policies.
• Only 7% of respondents’ newsrooms totally disregard audience opinions in their editorial policies.

Researches
71%
I'm not aware of it
12%
Doesn't research
7%
Hard to say
10%
Approach to Audience Research
15
81%
37%
24%
17%
9%
2%
86%
36%
20%
15%
8%
0%
64%
38%
36%
26%
10%
5%
We account the audience feedbacks –
letters, feedbacks on the website,
editorial mail, etc.
Internet-surveys done by themselves
Open data of sociological and other
researches
We order surveys in research
companies
Other
Hard to say
Total sample
Regional
National
N=243, total sample
• National media use sociology research more often than regional ones: explore open sources, order surveys
with research companies.
• Regional media more use feedbacks from readers / viewers (letters, feedbacks on websites, e-mails) in
order to learn audience opinion.
Research on interests of the audience
Ways of research
N=172
Question: Does you editorial office research the opinion of your audience
(readers/viewers/listeners)? In which way?

National 2%
Regional 9%

41%


PERCEPTION OF PAID JOURNALISM
AND HIDDEN ADVERTISEMENT
16

100%98%
92%
89%
79%
76%
66%65%
61%
32%
21%
10%
6%
2%
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
% of paid materials
Evaluation of incidence of paid journalism
17
Question: according to your opinion, what is the share of paid materials in Ukrainian media, if we take all
the materials published and aired for 100%?
N=243, total sample
Specifi
ed
69%
Hard to
say
31%
% of respondents
• Paid journalism is a wide-spread occurrence in Ukrainian media – 60% of journalists reckon
that more than a half of all journalist materials are paid.

Attitude towards paid journalism
18
23%
28%
18%
14%
3%
10%
4%
19%
30%
20%
13%
3%
11%
4%
36%
22%
12%
17%
2%
7%
3%
Extremely negatively, this is violation of standards of
journalism
Negatively, this has negative impact on reputation of editorial
Neutrally, if there's a demand for such service – so journalists
can do it
Neutrally, the editorial office is free to make money in any
available way
Positively, this is a good way to earn additional money
Other
Hard to say Total sample Regional National
Question: What is your attitude towards the problem of paid materials in media? N=243, total sample
• Half of respondents (51%) have negative attitude towards paid journalism, since paid journalism may
negatively impact the image of the editorial.
• 23% of journalists see paid journalism as serious violation of journalism standards; such opinion is more
specific for journalists of national media rather than regional ones.
• Third of respondents are neutral toward paid journalism and hidden advertisement and 3% of surveyed
journalists positively justify jeansa.
Negatively 51%
Positively 3%
Neutrally 32%

Experience in production paid materials and
hidden advertisements
19
Question: Have some of your colleagues / acquainted journalists made paid materials?
Have you personally ever made paid materials?
N=243, total sample
• Ukrainian journalists actively practice paid journalism: 51% of respondents produced ordered materials;
80% are aware about this practice from their colleagues.
• However, it is worth mentioning that there’s a high rate ( up to 9%) of refusals to answer the questions
regarding paid journalism.
Yes
80%
No
12%
Refusal
8%
Yes
51%
No
40%
Refusal
9%
JournalistsColleagues / acquainted

20
Question: How often have you or your colleagues have been offered or told to make and publish
paid materials?
N=243, total sample
How often journalists are offered to produce a
paid material
• More than 60% of surveyed journalists received offers to produce paid report at least one time; 1/3 of
respondents receive such offers on a regular basis.
• A quarter of respondents (26%) declared they refused producing paid materials.
6% 20% 9% 9% 14% 10% 33%
Refusal
Hard to say
Not offered
1-2 times during my entire journalist practice
Up to 10 times
More than 10 times
Offered on a regular basis
Have been offered to make paid materials 65%No answer 26%

Who initiates production paid materials?
21
Question: How do you think, preparation of paid materials is most often assigned by the editorial office
or are these a journalist’s personal orders? (One answer only)
N=243, total sample
• Editors are key customer for paid content that journalists produce: 76% of respondents declared that
received editor’s assignment to produce “jeansa”. Personal orders make a smaller share – 42% of
respondents received such orders in person.
• Journalists of national media refused answering this question (19% ) more often than regional journalists
(8%).
By assignment from
editorial office 76%
Personal orders 42%
45%
31%
11%
11%
2%
46%
32%
11%
8%
3%
40%
29%
10%
19%
2%
Most often by assignment from the editorial office
Sometimes assigned by the editorial office,
sometimes - personal order
Most often - personal orders
Hard to say / Don't know
Refusal
Total sample Regional National

2%
15%
13%
16%
30%
25%
Owners entirely determine editorial
policy
Editor consults to the owner if
matter in controversy
Owners don't get involved into
editorial policy, they concern about
profits
No influence at all
Refusal
Influence of media owners on editorial policies
23
Question: Are you aware of who owns your media? To which extent, by your opinion, owners influence the
editorial policy of your media?
N=243, total sample
• Almost all the surveyed journalists (88%) are well aware about who owns their media; respondents from
regional media are better informed about who owns the media they work for.
• Media owners influence on editorial policies is significant: 55% of respondents have indicated that the
owner determines editorial policy either in full or in particular cases.
Aware
88%
Not
aware
8%
Hard
to say
5%
Influence of media ownerAwareness on media ownership
National 77%
Regional 91%
Influence
either
way 55%
No
influence
29%

24
Question: Have you ever experienced a situation when your texts/materials were edited or cut before publishing for
the sake of peace/elimination of potential problems for the editor, editorial office and you personally?
2%9%
19%
25%
44%Have experienced
Heard of such situations
Have not experienced
Hard to say
Refusal
N=243, total sample
*N=140
Editing of politically sensitive materials
• About 70% of respondents admitted that they or their colleagues edited their reports to avoid “problems” for
their editors in chief.
• Regional journalism is more dangerous of authors, since situations of editing materials for a sake of the
journalist safety is higher (27%) comparing to national media (12%).
2%
11%
63%
23%
Have experienced
Hard to say
Refusal
For the sake of editor’s in chief «peace»
For the sake of the author
6%
19%
34%
29%
7%
6%
Almost every material is
"polished" to eliminate potential
risks
About half of materials are edited
in that way
Up to 10 times
1-2 times in my entire
professional practice
Refusal
Frequency
National 12%
Regional 27%
*
Have
experienced
42%
National 20%
Regional 37%

There have been
such situations
49%There have never
been such situations
30%
Hard to say
18%
Refusal
3%
25Question: Have you ever experienced situations in your professional practice when the editor rejected a topic offered by
you because it was potentially problematic for the editorial? How often have you experienced these situations?
N=243, total sample
Frequency of refusals to report on politically
sensitive topics
• Editors quite often reject produce politically sensitive content: half of surveyed journalists (49%) were
refused to write on important but sensitive topic; 60% of them receive refusals regularly.
• Journalists demonstrated unwillingness to discuss issue of censorship: about 20% refused or had
difficulties in answering this question.
N=118
Situations when the editor has rejected a
problematic article
3%
9%
27%
48%
6%
7%Refusal
1-2 times in entire professional
practice
Up to 10 times
Half of materials are edited in that
way
Almost every material is polished
in order to eliminate any potential
risk
Frequency
Have experienced
frequently
61%

26
Question: Are you aware of calls/ letters/ oral orders done by authorities, which would have influenced the editorial
policy of your media (prohibited topics, requirements to presentation of events, etc.)?
2%
7%
35%
18%
37%
Yes, I am aware of
such facts
I have only heard
rumours, I don't know
for sure
No, I'm not aware of
such facts
Hard to say / Don't
know
Refusal
N=243, total sample
Influence on editorial policy done by authorities
• Authorities have strong influence on editorial policies of respondents: 55% of respondents experienced or
heard about authorities’ interference into editorial policies.
• National media are more protected from influence of authorities comparing to regional media: 22% in
national media against 41% in regional ones. In most cases, authorities dictated journalists/editors how to
report on certain topic.
46%
19%
14%
10%
6%
5%
14%
48%
21%
15%
11%
6%
6%
10%
38%
12%
12%
4%
8%
4%
12%
Provided directions on how/when to
report on a certain topic
Ordered to report on certain topics
Prohibited reporting on certain topics /
personalities
Ordered cancelation of printing prepared
materials/investigations
Prohibited critical publications
Other
Refusal, No comments
Total sample
Regional
National
N=133

National 22%
Regional 41%
55%

27
Question: Have there ever been the cases of journalists being dismissed because he/she has
refused publishing paid materials on editors’ request?
9% 81% 7% 2%
Hard to say
No, there have never been such cases
Even if there have been such cases, I am not aware of
them
N=243, total sample
Frequency of dismissals for refusal to prepare
paid materials
• 2% of respondents knew about dismissals caused by refuse to produce paid materials;
• Journalists of national media more aware (17%) about facts of dismissals for non producing paid
journalism content than regional reporters (3%).
 National 17%
Regional 3%
 National 67%

29Question: Do you experience any limitations from your management when carrying out your
professional responsibilities? What kind of, exactly?
2%
33%
34%
21%
11%Yes, I experience such
limitations all the time
I sometimes experience
different kind of limitations, but
these limitations are not
systemic
I experience it, but these are
mostly sporadic
No, I don't experience such
limitations
N=243, total sample
Limitations on management side
• 66% respondents experienced limitations from their management when did journalism work.
• The most of limitations concerned prohibitions to report on certain topics, report on certain political
parties/authorities, forced positive reporting about particular events, socially important materials were not
published (open ended question).
33%
31%
10%
8%
8%
8%
6%
3%
4%
11%
36%
35%
10%
9%
8%
7%
4%
3%
3%
11%
25%
27%
11%
5%
5%
8%
11%
0%
8%
14%
Prohibition to write a material on a certain topic
Demand to follow the editorial policy
Prefer a certain party, a certain authority/
personality
Forced positive evaluation of events
Prohibition on critique
Socially significant materials are not published
The editor / the manager alternates the accents /
polishes edges in the material
Forced making of material on a certain topic
Other
Hard to say
National
N=158

15% 13% 11% 18% 21% 11% 11%
“Protected”“Non-protected”
30Question: How would you evaluate the level of social protection (insurance, paid sick leaves, official maternity
leave, paid vacation, etc.) of employees in your newsroom?
N=243, total sample
Social Security. Labor rights.
50%
52%
68%
33%
Younger than 35
years old
Older than 35
years old
“Protected”“Non-protected”


T3Box (3 top values) 33%B3Box (3 bottom values) 42%
• Responses on social security depended on age of respondents: young specialists (up to 35 years old) felt
more secure than older colleagues older 35 y.o.
• Overall, third of respondents (33%) felt “protected” and a bit bigger group
Totally unsafely Totally safely

36%
17%
7%
1%
42%
31%
16%
2%
9%
2%
4%
7%
3%
37%
15%
7%
1%
43%
33%
17%
2%
10%
2%
2%
8%
3%
31%
22%
6%
0%
41%
28%
13%
3%
6%
0%
9%
6%
3%
Unpaid / incomplete payment of the
salary
Not paying sick leaves
Unpaid work in overtime
Delays in paychecks
Excess of office hours
Cuts on vacation / refusal to issue a
vacation
Illegal dismissal / pressure with demand
of quitting the job
Refusal to make the employment official
Insults / humiliation
Censorship
Other
Refusal
Total sample
Regional
National
31Question: Have you ever experienced in your journalist practice any violation of you labor rights? What cases of
violation of labor rights have you experienced?
7%
39%
4%
15%
35%
Yes
My rights were not violated, but
there were violations of other
journalists
I don't know since I'm not aware of
the labor legislation
No
Refusal
N=243, total sample
Labor rights
• Half of surveyed journalists (50%) experienced violation of labor rights of themselves or their colleagues.
• Major violations concern the exceed of working hours, cuts or refuse pay vacation time and seek days,
illegal dismissals or delays with salary payments.
N=121
15% 13% 11% 18% 21% 11% 11%
1 – extremely low level 2 3 4 5 6 7 – extremely high level
Level of social protection
Violation of labor rights
40%40%

32Question: Have there ever been cases of dismissal of pregnant employees or employees on maternity leave in
your editorial office?
N=243, total sample
Cases of dismissal of pregnant female
journalists
• Only 2% of respondents mentioned that knew
about cases when pregnant female journalist
was dismissed from the position;
• 8% assumed that might happened but they
never experienced such situation;
• 78% respondents never heard about
dismissing pregnant employees.
• Experts noted difference in national and
regional media: journalists of national media
assumed existence of such situations more
often (17%) than regional media professionals
(5%). However, more national journalists
(21%) had difficulty to answer that question
than regional journalists (9%).
2%
8%
78%
12%
1%
3%
5%
83%
9%
1%
0%
17%
62%
21%
0%
Yes, these situations have
hapenned
Such cases have probably
taken place, but I never
heard of them
No, such cases have never
taken place
Refusal
Total sample
Regional
National

54%
44%
25%
12%
7%
54%
41%
25%
14%
8%
55%
52%
24%
5%
5%
Fixed monthly salary
Honorarium for the number of
materials
Official additional payments:
bonuses, incentives, additional
payments, etc.
Unofficial payments: bonuses,
incentives, additional
payments, etc.
Other
61%
20%
14%
4%
61%
20%
15%
4%
62%
21%
14%
3%
Officially employed
Freelancer / project employment
/ part-time
Unofficially employed (no work
record book and official
documentation)
Other Total sample
Regional
National
33
Question: Please choose one statement which best describes your employment relations with the media you work
for at the moment. What does your paycheck consist of? (all answers)
N=243, total sample
Employment relations: salaries payment
• Majority of journalists (60%) are officially employed and have fixed monthly salary (54%).
• 20% of respondents work part-time or freelance; 14% do not have official labor contracts or employment
record book in accordance to Ukrainian legislation.
Employment relations
Paycheck consists of

43%
25%
25%
7%
Most part of the paycheck I
received as a hidden wage,
less part of it I receive officially
50/50 – half of my paycheck I
receive officially, while ythe
oether part I get as hidden
wage
More than a half of my
paycheck I get officially, less
part of it - as a hidden wage
Refusal
55%
23%
10%
12%
52%
25%
11%
12%
64%
17%
5%
14%
Official paycheck
Part of the paycheck is official, another part
is a hidden wage
Entire paycheck is paid as hidden wages
Refusal
National
34
Question: What paycheck practice is specific for your editorial office? (one answer only). What is the ratio of your
official part and hidden wage of the paycheck? (one answer only
N=243, total sample
Paycheck: official VS unofficial payments
• Slightly less than half of respondents (45%) does get payments in envelopes (unofficial, hidden wages).
• When mixed type of payments (partly official payments, partly unofficial payments; in 23%), hidden wages dominate (for
43% of journalists).
• Situation when journalists are not officially paid makes media workers vulnerable due dependence from employers and
media owners. The media company have legal liability only in case when journalist is officially employed and get the full
salary in official way.
Practice of paychecks Types of mixed payments
N=56
Received hidden
wages 45%

LEGAL LITERACY OF
JOURNALISTS
35

36
Question: Could you please name main laws of Ukraine, which regulate rights and responsibilities of journalists. No
prompt.
N=243, total sample
Awareness on media legislation
• Majority of respondents were able to name 2 out of 20 laws that regulate work of journalists and media
organizations: law of information (68%) and law on print media (61%).
• About third part of respondents remembered Ukrainian Constitution, law on access to public information
and law on television and radio broadcasting.
68%
61%
31%
29%
29%
22%
15%
13%
9%
7%
6%
5%
9%
7%
On information
On print media (press) in Ukraine
Constitution of Ukraine
On access to public information
On television and radio broadcasting
On state support for mass media and social protection of journalists
On informational agencies
On reporting about activities of government
Criminal code of Ukraine
On copyright and related rights
Civil code of Ukraine
On advertising
Other
Hard to say

37Question: With which of the regulations listed below are you familiar? Prompted. N=243, total sample
Knowing content of media legislation
• Absolute majority of respondents pretended knowing content of three laws: Constitution of Ukraine (86%),
law on information (85%) and law on access to public information (83%).
• Respondents demonstrated bad knowledge of the majority of laws that regulate media in Ukraine
86%
85%
83%
70%
67%
58%
52%
44%
40%
38%
36%
35%
31%
21%
21%
18%
16%
13%
12%
11%
7%
On information
On print media in Ukraine
On parliamentary elections
On advertising
On copyright and related rights
On television and radio broadcasting
Civil Code of Ukraine
On reporting about government activities
On state support for mass media and social protection of…
On state secrets
On informational agencies
On amendments to laws of Ukraine regarding protection of…
On National Council on TV and Radio
On system of public television and broadcasting of Ukraine
On publishing
On creative professionals and creative unions
On communications
On protection of information in automatic systems
On scientific and technical information

38
Question: Please name main laws and regulation acts of Ukraine which protect human honor and dignity. With
regulations of which of these laws are you familiar?
N=243, total sample
Awareness of the main legislation protecting human rights and
dignity
• The main law protecting human rights and dignity, according to journalists, is the Constitution of Ukraine. At
this, only one third of journalists name the Civil Code as the document to protect human dignity.
Spontaneous Prompted
64%
84%
62%
7%
58%
Civil code
On information
Criminal code
Other
On elections of people's deputies
74%
30%
12%
10%
10%
5%
4%
4%
4%
3%
8%
6%
Civil code of Ukraine
Administrative code of Ukraine
Aon information
Criminal code of Ukraine
On protection of personal data
On print media (press) in Ukraine
On protection of public morality
On amendments to laws
Other
Hard to say

39
Question: Could you please name the main elements of an informational inquiry towards authorities and other
institutions?
N=243, total sample
Knowing elements of informational inquiry
42%
42%
39%
10%
10%
7%
4%
4%
1%
6%
5%
15%
5%
3%
46%
45%
42%
8%
10%
5%
2%
4%
1%
6%
5%
17%
5%
2%
31%
33%
31%
19%
9%
12%
10%
2%
2%
7%
5%
9%
5%
7%
Outgoing data, from whom
Recipient of the inquiry
Summary of the inquiry
On the media company form / authorized by the editor in chief
A reference to the Law on information should be present in…
The Law on information should be quoted (or a reference to it)
In arbirtrary form
Inquiries are not used
I wrote only the text / the editorial makes the form
I can name
I don't understand the question
I cannot
Other
Hard to say
Total sample
Regional
National
• The survey showed poor awareness of journalists about writing official informational requests in accordance to the law on
access to public information.
• About 40% of respondents could call some elements of informational request i.e. outgoing data, inquiry recipient,
summary of the inquiry.
• 15% respondents acknowledged that don’t know how to compile official informational request.

17%
13%
11%
6%
2%
25%
2%
4%
17%
8%
17%
13%
13%
5%
3%
25%
1%
4%
16%
7%
16%
12%
5%
7%
0%
26%
5%
5%
22%
12%
Administrative
Criminal
Penalty
Civil
Publication of retraction
None
Moral
There's no term of plugola in the Law
Don't know
Other
Total sample Regional National
40
Question: What kind of accountability of the media / journalists is provided by the Ukrainian Law for placement of
paid materials / unfair advertising (plugola)?
N=243, total sample
Amenability for spreading hidden advertisement
(jeansa)
• Journalists are poorly aware about amenability prescribed for placement of paid materials: only 6% of
respondents mentioned civil amenability.
• One third of respondents think that there’s no accountability for jeansa at all.
• 17% recognized that do not aware about responsibility for hidden advertisement (jeansa)
Legal amenability - 49%
No amenability - 31%

41
Question: What kind of accountability is provided by the Law of Ukraine for libel, violation of copyright? N=243, total sample
Accountability for libel, violation of copyright
• Journalists are aware that for libel there’s civil amenability by a court suit (67%), however almost half of
journalists think that there’s administrative amenability for libel.
• Journalists are aware that for violation of copyright there’s provided civil, administrative and criminal
amenability.
For libel For violation of copyright
54%
45%
35%
2%
2%
10%
Civial amenability via
court suit
Administrative amenability
Criminal amenability
No accountability
Other
67%
49%
28%
2%
1%
8%
Civil amenability via court suit
Administrative amenability
Criminal amenability
No accountability
Other

NEEDS IN PROFESSIONAL
TRAINING
42

Have
partici
pated
33%Have
n't
partici
pated
67%
Have
particip
ated
88%
Haven't
particip
ated
12%
Journalists education: experience
43
76%
38%
15%
11%
7%
10%
Trainings
Seminars
Study trips / internship
Professional conferences
(national, international)
Lectures
Other
N=243, total sample
• Majority of journalists (88%) have participated in training events. Most often these were trainings or
seminars.
• There was noticed growing popularity of webinars – one third of journalists experienced that relatively
new format.
Participation in educational events Types of events
N=214
Question: Have you ever participated in educational events for journalists / editors / media?
What kind of events were those?
Distance courses, webinars

44Question: What kind of events were those? What were they about?
N=214, having experience in
training
Journalists education: topics of events
• The most frequent mentioned topics were new media (23%), content production (20%), legal training (18%)
and investigative reporting (17%).
• In 20% cases, respondents could not remember topic of the event or training.
20%
18%
17%
23%
5%
5%
5%
4%
4%
4%
4%
3%
3%
3%
2%
2%
1%
1%
5%
20%
18%
18%
18%
16%
6%
5%
6%
5%
4%
5%
5%
4%
4%
4%
3%
2%
1%
1%
4%
21%
26%
21%
13%
6%
2%
6%
4%
2%
4%
2%
0%
2%
2%
2%
0%
2%
2%
2%
9%
15%
19%
24%
18%
10%
3%
8%
4%
9%
7%
7%
1%
3%
2%
2%
1%
1%
2%
2%
3%
22%
21%
14%
16%
17%
7%
4%
6%
1%
2%
2%
6%
4%
5%
5%
4%
3%
1%
0%
6%
18%
News, reports, improving excellence
Legal aspects
Investigations
New media
Management
Economy, budget, banking
Elections
Codes, ethics
Politics
Healthcare issues
Social, public
Regional media
EU, eurointegration
Interaction with court system and Ministry of Internal affairs
Ecology
Gender policy
Education, culture
Euro-2012
Other
Different / I can't remember / Hard to say
Total sample Regional National Journalists Editors

45
Question: How strong is your need in additional professional training? What topics of trainings would interest you at
the moment?
7%
7%
11%
22%
23%
12%
18%7 - I need a lot
6
5
4
3
2
1 – I don't need at all
N=243, total sample
Needs in professional education
31%
24%
15%
12%
7%
6%
6%
5%
5%
31%
27%
13%
11%
8%
8%
7%
7%
6%
32%
14%
21%
14%
4%
0%
4%
0%
4%
Legal training to protect media /
journalists
Internet media
Investigative Journalism
Journalism methods and writing
skills
Everything is interesting
Media management
How to oppose censorship /
protect freedom of speech
Monetization / marketing
Hard to say
Total sample
Regional
National
Need in professional training Topics
N=129
• 53% of respondents indicated high interest in further professional training.
• The most popular topics: legal training for journalists/media organizations and new media. 6% of
responders expressed interest in skills to opposing censorship and protecting freedom of speech.
• Regional journalists expressed more interest in new media training (27%); national professionals more
need legal training (32%) and investigative reporting (21%).

46Question: What topics of trainings would interest you at the moment?
Training Needs: distribution by groups
• There is no statistically significant difference between regional and national media in preferable training.
• As well as there was not statistically significant difference observed in the split of editors / journalists.
28%
20%
14%
10%
8%
6%
6%
2%
1%
6%
8%
4%
2%
28%
23%
14%
10%
10%
8%
5%
1%
1%
7%
8%
3%
1%
28%
10%
12%
10%
2%
0%
7%
5%
0%
3%
9%
7%
3%
31%
15%
16%
10%
3%
2%
7%
3%
0%
6%
12%
3%
3%
24%
25%
12%
11%
13%
9%
5%
1%
2%
6%
4%
4%
1%
Law aspects of protection of media / journalists
Internet media / Development of Internet media
Journalist investigations
Methods of journalism
Monetization / marketing
Media management
Countermeasure to censorship / protection of freedom of
speech
Development of communicative skills / psychology of
communication
Research of the audience
Everything is interesting
Hard to say
No need
No time for that
Total sample Regional National Journalists Editors
N=243, total sample

48
Demography: Type of media
34%
49%
14%
3%
76%
24%
83%
56%
30%
15%
10%
8%
40%
50%
3%
1%
82%
75%
22%
16%
14%
13%
9%
7%
5%
2%
1%
34%
51%
12%
3%
84%
57%
31%
16%
8%
9%
35%
43%
4%
1%
79%
72%
25%
18%
15%
14%
12%
8%
6%
3%
1%
34%
41%
21%
3%
81%
53%
26%
12%
16%
3%
57%
29%
2%
91%
84%
10%
10%
10%
12%
2%
5%
3%
0%
0%
27%
53%
17%
3%
67%
33%
81%
62%
27%
10%
13%
4%
85%
3%
92%
89%
8%
4%
8%
12%
3%
2%
6%
2%
0%
41%
45%
11%
3%
84%
16%
85%
51%
32%
20%
7%
11%
75%
5%
0%
73%
63%
34%
27%
20%
14%
15%
13%
5%
2%
2%
76%
24%
88%
51%
27%
13%
8%
4%
31%
54%
2%
2%
90%
81%
22%
17%
13%
14%
12%
5%
6%
4%
0%
80%
20%
79%
61%
30%
15%
10%
10%
44%
34%
3%
1%
76%
73%
23%
20%
14%
13%
9%
10%
4%
2%
2%
65%
35%
88%
50%
32%
18%
15%
6%
50%
26%
3%
0%
82%
71%
15%
6%
12%
12%
6%
6%
9%
0%
0%
71%
29%
71%
71%
57%
29%
0%
29%
29%
29%
14%
0%
86%
71%
43%
0%
29%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Internet
Print media
Television
Radio
Regional media
National media
Socio-political
Social
Culture, science, education
Entertainment
Other
Advertising, information, congratulations
Reporter / journalist
Editor and reporter / journalist
Commissioning editor
Columnist / blogger
Preparation of materials
Collection and processing of information
Editorial office / responsibilities of the editor
Editing of materials
Planning of the issue, selection of materials
Journalist investigations
Administrative activity
Managing of the editorial office
Communication with readers
Advertising
Make-up
Type of media
Type of content
Responsibilities
Position in editorial
N=243, total sample
Totalsample
Regional
National
Journalists
Editors
Internet
Press
TV
Radio

49
Demography: Gender, Education, Education, Experience
48%
52%
14%
37%
28%
14%
7%
1%
1%
6%
92%
45%
20%
14%
9%
3%
4%
4%
3%
2%
10%
2%
14%
35%
44%
1%
45%
55%
15%
38%
28%
14%
5%
1%
1%
6%
92%
44%
19%
13%
9%
3%
3%
5%
3%
3%
10%
2%
16%
35%
43%
2%
57%
43%
12%
33%
31%
12%
12%
7%
93%
50%
21%
16%
10%
5%
7%
2%
3%
0%
10%
2%
7%
38%
47%
0%
42%
58%
17%
42%
26%
10%
5%
2%
1%
7%
90%
49%
22%
12%
6%
3%
3%
1%
4%
3%
11%
3%
17%
40%
33%
3%
53%
47%
11%
32%
30%
17%
9%
1%
5%
94%
42%
17%
16%
12%
4%
5%
7%
2%
2%
9%
11%
31%
54%
0%
52%
48%
18%
46%
17%
16%
4%
1%
10%
89%
40%
18%
18%
9%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
8%
1%
20%
35%
39%
2%
47%
53%
9%
29%
34%
15%
12%
1%
2%
5%
92%
52%
18%
13%
9%
3%
4%
3%
2%
1%
12%
1%
10%
32%
51%
0%
44%
56%
18%
38%
38%
6%
3%
97%
38%
29%
6%
12%
0%
3%
9%
6%
8%
3%
15%
44%
35%
3%
29%
71%
29%
43%
29%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
29%
14%
14%
14%
14%
0%
0%
0%
0%
29%
14%
0%
57%
29%
0%
male
female
Up to 25 years old
From 25 to 35 years old
Older than 55 years old
Secondary
Vocational training
Higher incomplete
Higher complete
Journalism
Philology
Technical / engineer specialization
History
PR
Law
Economy
Philosophy / culturology / literature
Politology
Other
Less than 1 year
1-3 years
4-10 years
More than 10 years
This is just a hobby
Gender
Age
Education
Profession
Professional experience
N=243, total sample
Totalsample
Regional
National
Journalists
Editors
Internet
Press
TV
Radio

50
Demography: Regions
8%
8%
8%
7%
6%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
4%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
8%
8%
8%
6%
6%
4%
5%
4%
5%
5%
4%
3%
4%
3%
4%
2%
3%
2%
3%
3%
2%
3%
2%
1%
1%
31%
7%
9%
7%
5%
2%
10%
2%
5%
2%
0%
0%
2%
0%
2%
0%
7%
2%
5%
0%
2%
2%
0%
0%
0%
0%
12%
9%
9%
6%
6%
5%
8%
5%
3%
5%
3%
1%
1%
3%
1%
3%
4%
3%
2%
1%
3%
3%
2%
1%
0%
1%
5%
7%
7%
9%
5%
5%
3%
4%
5%
4%
4%
5%
5%
3%
5%
3%
2%
2%
3%
4%
2%
1%
2%
2%
2%
1%
8%
11%
7%
8%
8%
5%
2%
8%
2%
2%
7%
1%
1%
4%
4%
2%
2%
2%
1%
4%
0%
4%
1%
1%
1%
7%
8%
9%
6%
5%
4%
7%
3%
7%
5%
5%
2%
3%
3%
2%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
2%
3%
1%
2%
1%
1%
12%
6%
12%
3%
12%
9%
3%
9%
6%
3%
6%
3%
6%
3%
3%
3%
3%
14%
14%
29%
14%
14%
14%
Kyiv
Donetsk region
Zaporizzhya region
Kharkiv region
Dnipropetrovsk region
AR Crimea
Kyiv region
Volyn region
Lviv region
Odesa region
Khmelnitskyy region
Sumy region
Zhytomyr region
Kirovograd region
Mykolayiv region
Poltava region
Ternopil region
Chernivtsi region
Vinnytsya region
Ivano-Frankivsk region
Luhansk region
Kherson region
Cherkasy region
Chernigiv region
Zakarpattya region
Rivne region
N=243, total sample
Totalsample
Regional
National
Journalists
Editors
Internet
Press
TV
Radio

InMind
+38 044 569 7205
+38 044 569 7207
office@inmind.com.ua
www.inmind.com.ua
www.factum-group.com
All findings are sole responsibility of InMind Factum Group and do not
necessary reflect opinions of USAID, Internews and American Government.

Intenews Survey of Ukrainian Journalsits 2012 English Report

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