Some maps of European expansion into the Atlantic and Pacific, and an examination of the Columbus myth

1. European Expansion
And the Myth of Columbus

8. The Columbus Myth
Born in Genoa, Italy, of humble parents, Christopher Columbus grew up to become an
experienced seafarer. He sailed the Atlantic as far as Iceland and West Africa. His adventures
convinced him that the world must be round. Therefore the fabled riches of the East—spices,
silk, and gold—could be had by sailing west, superseding the overland route through the
Middle East, which the Turks had closed off to commerce.
To get funding for his enterprise, Columbus beseeched monarch after monarch in
Western Europe. After at first being dismissed by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, Columbus
finally got his chance when Queen Isabella decided to underwrite a modest expedition.
Columbus outfitted three pitifully small ships, the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria,
and set forth from Spain. The journey was difficult. The ships sailed west into the unknown
Atlantic for more than two months. The crew almost mutinied and threatened to throw
Columbus overboard. Finally they reached the West Indies on October 12, 1492.
Although Columbus made three more voyages to America, he never really knew he had
discovered a New World. He died in obscurity, unappreciated and penniless. Yet without his
daring, American history would have been very different, for in a sense, Columbus made it all
possible.

9. How it was painted

10. Columbus: The Facts
• By the 15th Century, it was commonly held that the
world was round or pear shaped. Columbus got the
size wrong--too small--but not the shape.
• Columbus owned his own ships. Not poor…
• The Spanish monarchy had plenty of $.
• The ships were top of the line/first class vessels.
• The trip wasn’t hard--no storms or bad weather.

11. Columbus: The Facts
• They had food to last a year. No sailors died crossing
the Atlantic.
• Columbus wrote that he was worried about
mutiny, but there was no evidence of one--perhaps
he was paranoid?
• Slaves were routinely taken and held for ransom in
Europe at the time. Columbus did send 300 natives
back as slaves, but Ferdinand and Isabella refused to
accept them (no possibility of ransom) and sent
them back.

12. Trouble on Second Voyage
• On his second trip, Columbus instituted a policy of
pacification on the locals
• All Arawak/Tainos were to bring gold. Those who
didn’t had their hands cut off. Most ran away, and
were hunted down and killed.
• Disease and suicide rates exploded amongst the
tribe. Within two years, half the population was
dead. Within 5, all but 100 were, and then the tribe
went extinct.

13. Later Life
• Columbus makes one more trip (total of 3) to
and from the “New World”
• He dies of a tropical disease in Spain on May
20th, 1506.
– Is buried in Spain,
– then moved to Cuba,
– then back to Spain, then back to Cuba.
– Then they lost track of his body, but it seems he is
still buried in Havana, Cuba.

14. Columbus: The Facts
• Columbus never set foot on the North American
Continent. He was in the Caribbean.
• Columbus’ death was first said to be caused by
“gout”, but later evidence suggests it was Reiter’s
Syndrome, a rare tropical disease. He did father a
child out of wedlock, which caused a scandal, and
was the start of the rumors in Spain. His
men, though, did bring syphilis back…

15. Finally:
• Columbus was rewarded for his discoveries by
Ferdinand and Isabella.
• Title was Admiral of the Ocean Sea, and was named
viceroy and governor of all lands he discovered. And
thus got a cut of all the wealth)
• He was a bad governor and was arrested for a time
because of it. But his wealth was returned to
him, even if the titles weren’t, and he lived quite
comfortably.