This document discusses bridges and bridge building throughout history. It begins by providing background on the Narrows Bridge in Perth, Western Australia, from when the site was first proposed for a bridge in 1849 to its completion in 1959. It then shares photos of the construction process and the bridge once completed. The document notes the diverse styles of bridge building around the world and through history, sharing examples of the Arkadiko Bridge in Greece from 1300 BC and the Pont du Gard aqueduct in France from 40-60 AD. It concludes by posing questions about the various ways bridges can be constructed, the materials used, whether designs and materials have changed over time, maintenance needs, and what to do if a bridge collapses.

1. What would
you prefer?
Living in a WAR zone
or
Living in a PEACE zone?
Living in a WAR zone?
or
Living in a PEACE zone?

2. 99.9% of all human beings
would prefer to live in a
PEACE ZONE.
So why do human beings spend
so much time
waring with each other?

3. What actions
lead human beings.
to WAR?

4. What actions
lead human beings
to PEACE?

5. Why is it so easy for us to come up
with examples of actions that cause
WAR
but hard for us to come up
with examples of actions that cause
PEACE?

6. Thinking just because
we are not waring is all we
need to do to create PEACE
was tried by past
generations
and it failed worldwide.

7. Yes peace is the absence of war.
Yes peace requires us to ACT in peaceful
ways.
Most people have very few strategies or
experiences to call on when confronted
with stressful situations
that need peaceful ACTIONS.

9. What the major part of humanity
has are centuries of learned
strategies and experiences
on how to ACT in wars
and very few strategies
and experiences on how
to ACT Peacefully.

10. It is even believed in some
scientific circles that human beings
are incapable of acting peacefully
and are doomed
to war like actions for ever.

11. Under stress human beings instincts of
FIGHT, FLIGHT
or FREEZE
are strategies hardwired into them
to survive and act in stressful situations
throughout the vulnerable child stage
of humanities evolution.

12. When human beings arrive
at the doorway of maturity
they need to be
educated on how to ACT as

13. NEED TO KNOW
HOW TO BUILD BRIDGES OF

15. Building
is like Building
Bridges…

16. This is what it looked like before a bridge was built there
in Western Australia. Where do you think this place is?

17. Aerial view from the same place in the last image
before the Narrows Bridge was built.
Check out what the city of Perth looked like around 1955.

18. Narrows Bridge history…
1849site suggested as a suitable location for a bridge, Perth Western Australia.
1899(49years later) A bridge was proposed for the site but the cost of £13,000 was too high.
1947(48 years later) Preliminary planning for a bridge at this site finally began but was suspended
so that a replacement bridge at the Causeway could be built at Heirisson Island Perth.
1954(7 years later) Site investigations for the bridge began once more.
1957Contract for construction of the bridge was signed.
1958The last river pile was driven home.
1959Final concrete beam was lowered into position.
1959110 years from 1st recorded suggestion to build the
Narrows Bridge it was officially opened and took
2 years and 5 months to complete construction.
# The Narrows Bridge was the largest precast prestressed concrete bridge in the world at the time of
its opening.
# The Narrows Bridge ended up costing £1.5 million.
# The road system to connect the Narrows Bridge to surrounding communities and the Perth City cost
a further £3.5 million.
# The Narrows Bridge formed part of the new Kwinana Freeway, which originally ran 2.4 miles (3.9
km) and at the time was described as the "most modern highway" in Western Australia, with a speed
limit of 50 miles.
# Today the Kwinana Freeway is a 72-kilometre (45 miles) freeway linking central Perth with
Mandurha. It is the central section of State Route 2, which continues north as Mitchell Freeway to
Joondalup, and south as Forrest Highway towards Bunbury. (207km)

19. Construction of the Narrows Bridge connecting South Perth with Kings Park
and the city centre, Perth Western Australia around 1958.

20. Aerial view of the Narrows Bridge completed around 1960. Kings Park bottom left
and the Perth City top left. NOTE at that stage 1 bridge with 2 lanes only.

21. Diverse Bridge
building styles
throughout
history
and the world.

25. Arkadiko/Kazarma Bridge (Argolis, Greece)…
This humble Mycenaean bridge constructed around 1300 B.C. is believed to be the oldest arch bridge
in the world still in use today.
Situated on the Nauplion-Epidaurus highway, the Arkadiko Bridge was built using Cyclopean limestone
boulders and measures 22metres long and 2.5meters wide.
This bridge, linking the ancient cities of Tiryns and Epidaurus, was primarily
erected for the passage of chariots. While the days of the chariot have long passed,
this astounding bridge still remains and is used today by local villagers in the vicinity thousands of years later.

26. Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct…)
One of the oldest and most remarkable Roman hydraulic works
The bridge is 48.77m high, has three levels
and was built between 40 and 60 AD
It crosses the river Gardon near Nimes (south of France).

33. 1Questions…
1..Are all bridges constructed in the same way?
2..Are all bridges made out of the same materials?
3..Are the bridges we build today made out of the same
materials and designed in the same way as the bridges
that were built hundreds of years ago?
4..Do all bridges last for ever?
5..What kind of maintenance do you think is needed to keep
a bridge from crumbling?
6..What do you do when a bridge collapses?
Students to turn to another student and take turns in talking about
what answer they would give to each of these questions. After a short
time students are asked to share to the whole group their answers.