SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 13
“Literacy and
Socialization: Are
Online or Face-to-
 Face Classes
     Better?”

    Trisha Sissons
    April 19, 2012
Research Questions
Is taking an online course taking away from
our retention of knowledge?

Are online classes more beneficial than
face-to-face courses?

How are the students at the University of
Central Florida affected by online courses?
Online courses…
 Are courses in which there is no need for
  face to face instruction and all of the
  material you learn is self-directed.
 There are different kinds of online
  courses…
     WWW
     Video stream
     Hybrid
Discussion




          Socialization
 TuChih-Hsiung and McIssac Marina agree
 when they write, “Social presence
 positively influences online
 interaction.”(140)

 Thereare different roles we can partake
 in when being in an online course. (Nagel)
Students’ Feelings

   One study showed that students who take online
    courses do worse in online courses than those who
    took face to face courses.

   Another study showed that online courses have a
    much higher enrollment than regular face to face
    courses.

   Online learning offers flexibility and it also offers
    students to direct themselves through the course
    at their own pace and with their own learning style
    (El Mansour)
Teaching Strategies
   Author Carle found that in a study of about
    10,000, teachers “do not differ generally
    across online and face-to-face instruction
    modes”

   Author Carlos Gonzalez expresses in his
    findings different conceptions that professors
    hold and these conceptions differ from being
    very interactive with the students to just being
    a “transfer of knowledge” to the web and
    they students.
Methods

 Distributed
           through
 online channels.

 Aimed towards
 UCF students

 10   questions

 Alternating
 between multiple
 choice and free
 response questions
Discussion



How interactive was
   your teacher
  throughout the
      course?




                                  Results
               Very

               Somewh
               at
               Not so
               much
               Not at all
Results



Why do UCF students take
    online courses?
 The   number one response was because

           of   flexibility.
Results




Despite   the differences throughout
 all of the other answers throughout
 the survey, 100% of participants said
 that they would retake an online
 course.
Why This Matters….
 My research questions bring about the
  question of if we pay for our own classes
  should we lose knowledge because it’s a
  more flexible option?

 College  students should know what they
  are getting into before taking classes and
  how it may affect how they do in the class.

 Isthe socialization we lose in the class worth
  the socialization or extra time we will get
  outside of class?
Works Cited
   Carle, Adam. "Evaluating college students’ evaluations of a professor’s teaching effectiveness across
    time and instruction mode (online vs. face-to-face) using a multilevel growth modeling approach."
    Computers and Education 53.2 (2009): 429-435. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Feb. 2012.
   Chih-Hsiung, Tu, and Marina McIssac. "The Relationship of Social Presence and Interaction in Online
    Classes." American Journal of Distance Education 16.3 (2002): 131. Academic Search Premier. Web.
    16 Feb. 2012.
   Coates, Dennis, Humphreys, Brad R. Kane, John and Vachris, Michelle A.” “No significant distance”
    between face-to-face and online instruction: evidence from principles of economics.” Economics
    Education Review 23.5 (2004):533-546. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 March 2012.
   El Mansouri, Bassou, and Davison Mupinga. "Students positive and negative experiences in hybrid and
    online classes." College Student Journal 14 (2007): 242-248. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Feb.
    2012.
   Kattney, Therese. “Study: Students Taking Online Classes Have Much Higher Satisfaction, Reenrollment
    Rates.” Distance Education Report 15.21 (2011):5-8. Academic Search Premier. Web 5 March 2012.
   Lee, Jang-Wan. "Online support service quality, online learning acceptance, and student
    satisfaction." Internet and Higher Education 13.4 (2010): 277-283. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24
    Feb. 2012.
   Mahoney, Sue. "Mindset Change; Influences on Student Buy-in to Online Classes." Quarterly Review of
    Distance Education 10.1 (2009): 75-83. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Feb. 2012.
   McAllister, Charles and Watkins, Paul. “Increasing Academic Integrity in Online Classes by Fostering
    the Development of Self-regulated Learning Skills.” Clearing House 85.3 (2012): 96-101. Academic
    Search Premier. Web. 28 March. 2012.
   Morrison, Rodger. "A comparison of online versus traditional student end-of-course critiques in resident
    courses." Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education 36.6 (2011): 627-641. Academic Search
    Premier. Web. 16 Feb. 2012.
   Nagel, L., S. Blignaut, and C. Cronje. "Read-only participants: a case for student communication in
    online classes." Interactive Learning Environments 17.1 (2009): 37-51. Academic Search Premier. Web.
    14 Feb. 2012.
   Ouzts, Karen. “Sense of Community in Online Courses.” Quarterly Review of Distance Education7.3
    (2006):285-296. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 March 2012.

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Virtual school presentationfinale2
Virtual school presentationfinale2Virtual school presentationfinale2
Virtual school presentationfinale2
Robin E. Beavers
 
Virtual Schools and Distance Learning
Virtual Schools and Distance LearningVirtual Schools and Distance Learning
Virtual Schools and Distance Learning
Stephanie J. Ohtola
 
Online learning research and possibilities
Online learning research and possibilitiesOnline learning research and possibilities
Online learning research and possibilities
BluefireBusiness
 

Mais procurados (20)

Virtual school presentationfinale2
Virtual school presentationfinale2Virtual school presentationfinale2
Virtual school presentationfinale2
 
Web-based instruction vs Classroom based instruction
Web-based instruction vs Classroom based instructionWeb-based instruction vs Classroom based instruction
Web-based instruction vs Classroom based instruction
 
Mentoring: An Introduction to Research and Best Practices
Mentoring: An Introduction to Research and Best PracticesMentoring: An Introduction to Research and Best Practices
Mentoring: An Introduction to Research and Best Practices
 
Administrative Support of Faculty Preparation and Interactivity in Online Tea...
Administrative Support of Faculty Preparation and Interactivity in Online Tea...Administrative Support of Faculty Preparation and Interactivity in Online Tea...
Administrative Support of Faculty Preparation and Interactivity in Online Tea...
 
Online class-ppt-in-etech (1)
Online class-ppt-in-etech (1)Online class-ppt-in-etech (1)
Online class-ppt-in-etech (1)
 
What's so special about blended learning?
What's so special about blended learning?What's so special about blended learning?
What's so special about blended learning?
 
Application 4
Application 4Application 4
Application 4
 
Virtual Schools and Distance Learning
Virtual Schools and Distance LearningVirtual Schools and Distance Learning
Virtual Schools and Distance Learning
 
Online education a new way of learning
Online education a new way of learningOnline education a new way of learning
Online education a new way of learning
 
Survey of student satisfaction with education process
Survey of student satisfaction with education processSurvey of student satisfaction with education process
Survey of student satisfaction with education process
 
Blended and Hybrid Learning Methods
Blended and Hybrid Learning MethodsBlended and Hybrid Learning Methods
Blended and Hybrid Learning Methods
 
Virtual Schools
Virtual SchoolsVirtual Schools
Virtual Schools
 
Benefits of Online Education System
Benefits of Online Education SystemBenefits of Online Education System
Benefits of Online Education System
 
Final group 4 government edtc 5840
Final group 4 government edtc 5840Final group 4 government edtc 5840
Final group 4 government edtc 5840
 
Online Education System
Online Education SystemOnline Education System
Online Education System
 
Online Education By Hamed Poursharafoddin حامدپورشرف الدین
Online Education By Hamed Poursharafoddin حامدپورشرف الدینOnline Education By Hamed Poursharafoddin حامدپورشرف الدین
Online Education By Hamed Poursharafoddin حامدپورشرف الدین
 
Redefining the concept of ‘face-to-face’ and online learning using the Collab...
Redefining the concept of ‘face-to-face’ and online learning using the Collab...Redefining the concept of ‘face-to-face’ and online learning using the Collab...
Redefining the concept of ‘face-to-face’ and online learning using the Collab...
 
Introduction to Online Teaching and Learning
Introduction to Online Teaching and LearningIntroduction to Online Teaching and Learning
Introduction to Online Teaching and Learning
 
Online education
Online educationOnline education
Online education
 
Online learning research and possibilities
Online learning research and possibilitiesOnline learning research and possibilities
Online learning research and possibilities
 

Destaque (6)

Calc.Estruct.Madera
Calc.Estruct.MaderaCalc.Estruct.Madera
Calc.Estruct.Madera
 
Dr commander selvam
Dr commander selvam Dr commander selvam
Dr commander selvam
 
What To Invest In
What To Invest InWhat To Invest In
What To Invest In
 
Ultrasound technician schools in texas
Ultrasound technician schools in texasUltrasound technician schools in texas
Ultrasound technician schools in texas
 
Blogseminar MäRz 2010
Blogseminar MäRz 2010Blogseminar MäRz 2010
Blogseminar MäRz 2010
 
FindLaw | AIG Bonus Details Letter from NY AG
FindLaw | AIG Bonus Details Letter from NY AGFindLaw | AIG Bonus Details Letter from NY AG
FindLaw | AIG Bonus Details Letter from NY AG
 

Semelhante a Literacy and socialization

Running head Action Research Action Research PlanIntro.docx
Running head Action Research Action Research  PlanIntro.docxRunning head Action Research Action Research  PlanIntro.docx
Running head Action Research Action Research PlanIntro.docx
joellemurphey
 
1DavisP-Edu7005-8 .docx
1DavisP-Edu7005-8                                               .docx1DavisP-Edu7005-8                                               .docx
1DavisP-Edu7005-8 .docx
felicidaddinwoodie
 
Using Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
Using Social Media to Foster Learning ConnectionsUsing Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
Using Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
sharstoer
 
Using Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
Using Social Media to Foster Learning ConnectionsUsing Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
Using Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
sharstoer
 
Students’ Perception towards Learning Platforms – A Comparative Analysis of O...
Students’ Perception towards Learning Platforms – A Comparative Analysis of O...Students’ Perception towards Learning Platforms – A Comparative Analysis of O...
Students’ Perception towards Learning Platforms – A Comparative Analysis of O...
Dr. Amarjeet Singh
 
Gender final presentation
Gender final presentationGender final presentation
Gender final presentation
TaShawnLyles
 
Symp.improving first yearretentionthroughsocialnetworking
Symp.improving first yearretentionthroughsocialnetworkingSymp.improving first yearretentionthroughsocialnetworking
Symp.improving first yearretentionthroughsocialnetworking
MichaelWeston
 

Semelhante a Literacy and socialization (20)

Running head Action Research Action Research PlanIntro.docx
Running head Action Research Action Research  PlanIntro.docxRunning head Action Research Action Research  PlanIntro.docx
Running head Action Research Action Research PlanIntro.docx
 
Blended learning and flipped classroom in nursing 2014
Blended learning and flipped classroom in nursing 2014Blended learning and flipped classroom in nursing 2014
Blended learning and flipped classroom in nursing 2014
 
Ictel2015 jeanne lam GRDS International Conferences
Ictel2015 jeanne lam GRDS International ConferencesIctel2015 jeanne lam GRDS International Conferences
Ictel2015 jeanne lam GRDS International Conferences
 
Classroom processbook
Classroom processbookClassroom processbook
Classroom processbook
 
Challenges and Experiences of Students in the Virtual Classroom World: A Lite...
Challenges and Experiences of Students in the Virtual Classroom World: A Lite...Challenges and Experiences of Students in the Virtual Classroom World: A Lite...
Challenges and Experiences of Students in the Virtual Classroom World: A Lite...
 
Co-Constructing Digital Pedagogies
Co-Constructing Digital PedagogiesCo-Constructing Digital Pedagogies
Co-Constructing Digital Pedagogies
 
Co-Constructing Digital Pedagogies
Co-Constructing Digital PedagogiesCo-Constructing Digital Pedagogies
Co-Constructing Digital Pedagogies
 
1DavisP-Edu7005-8 .docx
1DavisP-Edu7005-8                                               .docx1DavisP-Edu7005-8                                               .docx
1DavisP-Edu7005-8 .docx
 
article_8371.pdf
article_8371.pdfarticle_8371.pdf
article_8371.pdf
 
MSMU Best Practice in Online Teaching
MSMU Best Practice in Online TeachingMSMU Best Practice in Online Teaching
MSMU Best Practice in Online Teaching
 
Felege, christopher online education perceptions and recommendations focus ...
Felege, christopher online education   perceptions and recommendations focus ...Felege, christopher online education   perceptions and recommendations focus ...
Felege, christopher online education perceptions and recommendations focus ...
 
Impact of social media in learning and teaching chemistry
Impact of social media in learning and teaching  chemistryImpact of social media in learning and teaching  chemistry
Impact of social media in learning and teaching chemistry
 
Using Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
Using Social Media to Foster Learning ConnectionsUsing Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
Using Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
 
Using Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
Using Social Media to Foster Learning ConnectionsUsing Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
Using Social Media to Foster Learning Connections
 
Step inside the virtual classroom with unified communications (UC)
Step inside the virtual classroom with unified communications (UC)Step inside the virtual classroom with unified communications (UC)
Step inside the virtual classroom with unified communications (UC)
 
Research proposal
Research proposalResearch proposal
Research proposal
 
Students’ Perception towards Learning Platforms – A Comparative Analysis of O...
Students’ Perception towards Learning Platforms – A Comparative Analysis of O...Students’ Perception towards Learning Platforms – A Comparative Analysis of O...
Students’ Perception towards Learning Platforms – A Comparative Analysis of O...
 
Gender final presentation
Gender final presentationGender final presentation
Gender final presentation
 
Symp.improving first yearretentionthroughsocialnetworking
Symp.improving first yearretentionthroughsocialnetworkingSymp.improving first yearretentionthroughsocialnetworking
Symp.improving first yearretentionthroughsocialnetworking
 
Keynote_RonLegon_Online Learning and Student Success
Keynote_RonLegon_Online Learning and Student SuccessKeynote_RonLegon_Online Learning and Student Success
Keynote_RonLegon_Online Learning and Student Success
 

Último

Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch LetterGardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
MateoGardella
 
Gardella_Mateo_IntellectualProperty.pdf.
Gardella_Mateo_IntellectualProperty.pdf.Gardella_Mateo_IntellectualProperty.pdf.
Gardella_Mateo_IntellectualProperty.pdf.
MateoGardella
 
An Overview of Mutual Funds Bcom Project.pdf
An Overview of Mutual Funds Bcom Project.pdfAn Overview of Mutual Funds Bcom Project.pdf
An Overview of Mutual Funds Bcom Project.pdf
SanaAli374401
 
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdfMaking and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Chris Hunter
 
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptxSeal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
negromaestrong
 

Último (20)

Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17  How to Extend Models Using Mixin ClassesMixin Classes in Odoo 17  How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
 
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptxUnit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
 
Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch LetterGardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
Gardella_PRCampaignConclusion Pitch Letter
 
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingGrant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
 
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
How to Give a Domain for a Field in Odoo 17
 
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Structured Data, Assistants, & RAG"
 
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdfWeb & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
 
Gardella_Mateo_IntellectualProperty.pdf.
Gardella_Mateo_IntellectualProperty.pdf.Gardella_Mateo_IntellectualProperty.pdf.
Gardella_Mateo_IntellectualProperty.pdf.
 
An Overview of Mutual Funds Bcom Project.pdf
An Overview of Mutual Funds Bcom Project.pdfAn Overview of Mutual Funds Bcom Project.pdf
An Overview of Mutual Funds Bcom Project.pdf
 
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdfHoldier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
 
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
 
Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17
Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17
Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17
 
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writing
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writingfourth grading exam for kindergarten in writing
fourth grading exam for kindergarten in writing
 
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across SectorsAPM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
APM Welcome, APM North West Network Conference, Synergies Across Sectors
 
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptxUnit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
Unit-V; Pricing (Pharma Marketing Management).pptx
 
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdfMaking and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
Making and Justifying Mathematical Decisions.pdf
 
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptxSeal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) 2024Final.pptx
 
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptxINDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
 
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The BasicsIntroduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
 
Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1
Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1
Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1
 

Literacy and socialization

  • 1. “Literacy and Socialization: Are Online or Face-to- Face Classes Better?” Trisha Sissons April 19, 2012
  • 2. Research Questions Is taking an online course taking away from our retention of knowledge? Are online classes more beneficial than face-to-face courses? How are the students at the University of Central Florida affected by online courses?
  • 3. Online courses…  Are courses in which there is no need for face to face instruction and all of the material you learn is self-directed.  There are different kinds of online courses…  WWW  Video stream  Hybrid
  • 4. Discussion Socialization  TuChih-Hsiung and McIssac Marina agree when they write, “Social presence positively influences online interaction.”(140)  Thereare different roles we can partake in when being in an online course. (Nagel)
  • 5. Students’ Feelings  One study showed that students who take online courses do worse in online courses than those who took face to face courses.  Another study showed that online courses have a much higher enrollment than regular face to face courses.  Online learning offers flexibility and it also offers students to direct themselves through the course at their own pace and with their own learning style (El Mansour)
  • 6. Teaching Strategies  Author Carle found that in a study of about 10,000, teachers “do not differ generally across online and face-to-face instruction modes”  Author Carlos Gonzalez expresses in his findings different conceptions that professors hold and these conceptions differ from being very interactive with the students to just being a “transfer of knowledge” to the web and they students.
  • 7. Methods  Distributed through online channels.  Aimed towards UCF students  10 questions  Alternating between multiple choice and free response questions
  • 8. Discussion How interactive was your teacher throughout the course? Results Very Somewh at Not so much Not at all
  • 9. Results Why do UCF students take online courses?  The number one response was because of flexibility.
  • 10. Results Despite the differences throughout all of the other answers throughout the survey, 100% of participants said that they would retake an online course.
  • 11. Why This Matters….  My research questions bring about the question of if we pay for our own classes should we lose knowledge because it’s a more flexible option?  College students should know what they are getting into before taking classes and how it may affect how they do in the class.  Isthe socialization we lose in the class worth the socialization or extra time we will get outside of class?
  • 12.
  • 13. Works Cited  Carle, Adam. "Evaluating college students’ evaluations of a professor’s teaching effectiveness across time and instruction mode (online vs. face-to-face) using a multilevel growth modeling approach." Computers and Education 53.2 (2009): 429-435. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Feb. 2012.  Chih-Hsiung, Tu, and Marina McIssac. "The Relationship of Social Presence and Interaction in Online Classes." American Journal of Distance Education 16.3 (2002): 131. Academic Search Premier. Web. 16 Feb. 2012.  Coates, Dennis, Humphreys, Brad R. Kane, John and Vachris, Michelle A.” “No significant distance” between face-to-face and online instruction: evidence from principles of economics.” Economics Education Review 23.5 (2004):533-546. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 March 2012.  El Mansouri, Bassou, and Davison Mupinga. "Students positive and negative experiences in hybrid and online classes." College Student Journal 14 (2007): 242-248. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Feb. 2012.  Kattney, Therese. “Study: Students Taking Online Classes Have Much Higher Satisfaction, Reenrollment Rates.” Distance Education Report 15.21 (2011):5-8. Academic Search Premier. Web 5 March 2012.  Lee, Jang-Wan. "Online support service quality, online learning acceptance, and student satisfaction." Internet and Higher Education 13.4 (2010): 277-283. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Feb. 2012.  Mahoney, Sue. "Mindset Change; Influences on Student Buy-in to Online Classes." Quarterly Review of Distance Education 10.1 (2009): 75-83. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Feb. 2012.  McAllister, Charles and Watkins, Paul. “Increasing Academic Integrity in Online Classes by Fostering the Development of Self-regulated Learning Skills.” Clearing House 85.3 (2012): 96-101. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 March. 2012.  Morrison, Rodger. "A comparison of online versus traditional student end-of-course critiques in resident courses." Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education 36.6 (2011): 627-641. Academic Search Premier. Web. 16 Feb. 2012.  Nagel, L., S. Blignaut, and C. Cronje. "Read-only participants: a case for student communication in online classes." Interactive Learning Environments 17.1 (2009): 37-51. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Feb. 2012.  Ouzts, Karen. “Sense of Community in Online Courses.” Quarterly Review of Distance Education7.3 (2006):285-296. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 March 2012.