Presentation from SocInfo 2014 on November 12, 2014. See full paper,"Digital Rights and Freedoms: A Framework for Surveying Users and Analyzing Policies", at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2507608. Talk describes the framework through 10 user rights principles, an experimental survey of users based on the principles and their associated concepts, and an application to policy analysis.
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Soc info2014 davies-slides
1. Digital
Rights
and
Freedoms:
A
Framework
for
Surveying
Users
and
Analyzing
Policies
Todd
Davies
SocInfo
2014
2. Privacy
Data
Portability
CreaBve
Commons
Free
SoCware
Open
Source
ParBcipatory
Design
Wikipedia
Democracy
Right
to
Connect
Accessibility
Freedom
of
Expression
Open
Access
Right
to
Be
ForgoJen
Net
Neutrality
Open
Protocols
3.
4.
5. WebWeWant.org
from
the
Mission:
“create
a
world
where
everyone,
everywhere
is
online
and
able
to
parBcipate
in
a
free
flow
of
knowledge,
ideas,
collaboraBon
and
creaBvity
over
the
open
Web.”
6. Webwewant.org
5
Key
Principles
1. Freedom
of
expression
online
and
offline
2. Affordable
access
to
a
universally
available
communicaBons
plaUorm
3. ProtecBon
of
personal
user
informaBon
and
the
right
to
communicate
in
private
4. Diverse,
decentralised
and
open
infrastructure
5. Neutral
networks
that
don’t
discriminate
against
content
or
users
9. 1.
Privacy
Control
The
user
is
able
to
know
and
to
control
who
else
can
access
their
data.
Associated
concepts:
• Originator-‐discreBonary
reading
control
• Data
use
transparency
• Usable
privacy
• NonretenBon
of
data
10. 2.
Data
Portability
The
user
is
able
to
obtain
their
data
and
to
transfer
it
to,
or
subsBtute
data
stored
on,
a
compaBble
plaUorm.
Associated
concepts:
• Free
data
access
• Open
formats
• PlaUorm
independence
• Free
deleBon
11. 3.
CreaBve
Control
The
user
is
able
to
modify
their
data
within
the
soCware
plaUorm
being
used,
and
to
control
who
else
can
do
so.
Associated
concepts:
• Originator-‐discreBonary
ediBng
control
• Authorial
copyright
support
• Reciprocal
data
sharing
13. 4.
SoCware
Freedom
The
user
is
able
to
modify
code
in
the
soCware
plaUorm
being
used,
subject
to
rights
of
other
users
to
control
their
own
experience
of
the
plaUorm.
Associated
concepts:
• Open
Source
code
• Reciprocal
code
openness
• User
modifiable
plaUorm
14. 5.
ParBcipatory
Design
The
design
of
the
plaUorm
is
produced
by
all
of
its
users.
Associated
concepts:
• User-‐centered
design
• User
input
to
design
• User-‐generated
design
• Customizable
design
15. 6.
User
Self-‐Governance
The
operaBon
of
the
plaUorm
is
governed
by
all
of
its
users.
Associated
concepts:
• ParBcipatory
policy
making
• ParBcipatory
implementaBon
• ParBcipatory
adjudicaBon
17. 7.
Universal
Network
Access
Every
person
is
legally
and
pracBcally
able,
to
the
greatest
extent
possible,
to
access
the
Internet,
and
it
is
available
everywhere
in
a
form
adequate
for
both
retrieving
and
posBng
data.
A
ssociated
concepts:
• Right
to
connect
• Universal
digital
literacy
• No-‐
or
low-‐cost
service
• Omnipresent
service
• Accessibility
18. 8.
Freedom
of
InformaBon
Every
person
is
legally
and
pracBcally
able
to
produce
and
r e c e ive
informaBon
in
the
way
that
they
want,
to
the
maximal
extent
consistent
with
the
rights
of
others.
Associated
concepts:
• Right
to
privacy
• Right
to
anonymous
speech
• Freedom
from
censorship
• Open
Access
to
all
publicly
funded
data
• DemocraBcally
controlled
security
• Right
to
be
forgoJen
19. 9.
Net
Neutrality
All
providers
of
Internet
connecBons
and
services
are
legally
and
pracBcally
required
to
treat
data
equally
as
it
is
transmiJed
through
the
infrastructure
they
control.
A
ssociated
concepts:
• Source
neutrality
• Format
neutrality
• Content
neutrality
• End-‐user
neutrality
20. 10.
PluralisBc
Open
Infrastructure
Everyone
has
access
to
mulBple
independent
but
interoperaBng
soCware
plaUorms
as
opBons
for
their
data.
Associated
concepts:
• MulBplicity
of
plaUorms
• Decentralized
control
• Transparent
control
21. Ten
Principles
in
Three
Clusters
User
Data
Freedoms
1.
Privacy
Control
2.
Data
Portability
3.
CreaBve
Control
So8ware
Pla:orm
Freedoms
4.
SoCware
Freedom
5.
ParBcipatory
Design
6.
User
Self-‐Governance
Public
Network
Freedoms
7.
Universal
Network
Access
8.
Freedom
of
InformaBon
9.
Net
Neutrality
10.
PluralisBc
Open
Infrastructure
23. Survey
Research
QuesBons
RQ1:
Do
users
(who
are
knowledgeable
enough
to
understand
the
ten
principles)
aJach
stable
values
to
the
principles?
RQ2:
Is
there
a
common
value
that
correlates
with
the
values
users
aJach
to
all
of
the
principles?
RQ3:
Do
the
values
that
users
aJach
to
the
ten
principles
differ
qualitaBvely
from
each
other
and/
or
fall
into
clusters?
25. ParBcipants
and
CondiBons
780
P’s
recruited
on
MTurk
from
the
U.S.,
filtered
by
approval
rate
2
groups,
randomly
assigned:
(a)
Broad
ra@ng
set:
all
ten
of
the
main
principles
only
(b)
Narrow
ra@ng
set:
one
of
the
main
principles
and
all
of
its
associated
concepts
(10
subgroups)
26. Procedure
P’s
shown
only
the
descripBon
of
each
principle
or
concept,
not
its
name
• e.g.
“The
user
is
able
to
know
and
to
control
who
is
able
to
access
their
data.”
[Principle
1:
Privacy
control]
• e.g.
“Policies
ensure
that
all
users
have
mulCple
soDware
plaEorms
to
choose
from
as
environments
for
their
data.”
[Concept
10a:
MulBplicity
of
plaUorms]
P’s
asked
for
each
principle
or
concept,
“How
important
is
this
to
you?
(0=not
at
all,
10=extremely)”
29. RQ1:
Are
importance
raBngs
stable
for
the
ten
main
principles?
Two
contexts
for
comparison:
(a)
Broad
raBng
set:
all
ten
of
the
main
principles
only
=>
within-‐subjects
raBngs
(b)
Narrow
raBng
set:
one
of
the
main
principles
and
all
of
its
associated
concepts
(10
subgroups)
=>
between-‐subjects
raBngs
30. 10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Within-‐
Subjects
Importance
Ra@ngs
Between-‐Subjects
Importance
Ra@ngs
Within-‐
Vs.
Between-‐Subjects
Importance
Ra@ngs
CorrelaBon
=
0.98
=>
Stable
raBngs
for
the
ten
main
principles
31. RQ2:
Is
there
a
single
underlying
value
that
predicts
all
importance
raBngs?
Broad
raBng
set
(within-‐subjects
raBngs
of
10
principles)
yields
intrapersonal
correlaBons
across
the
principles
Two
sub-‐quesBons:
• Are
all
correlaBons
posiBve?
• All
all
correlaBons
significant?
32. Comparing
Importance
RaBngs
(Ten
Main
Principles)
43
out
of
45
correlaBons
are
posiBve
29
out
of
45
correlaBons
are
significant
(all
posiBve)
=>
Not
quite
one
underlying
value
33. RQ3:
Do
the
principles’
raBngs
differ
qualitaBvely/fall
into
clusters?
RaBngs
for
the
lowest
rated
principles
(4-‐SoCware
Freedom
and
5-‐ParBcipatory
Design)
were
significantly
and
posiBvely
correlated
(.36)
But…
• only
3
out
of
14
correlaBons
between
principles
4
or
5
and
other
principles
were
significant
• and
25
out
of
the
remaining
30
correlaBons
were
signficant
(p=.0001
by
a
Fisher
exact
test)
35. Survey
Research
QuesBons:
Summary
RQ1:
Do
users
(who
are
knowledgeable
enough
to
understand
the
ten
principles)
aJach
stable
values
to
the
principles?
-‐>
Yes,
across
broad
and
narrow
ra@ng
sets
RQ2:
Is
there
a
common
value
that
correlates
with
the
values
users
aJach
to
all
of
the
principles?
-‐>
Not
quite,
but
most
are
posi@vely
correlated
RQ3:
Do
the
values
that
users
aJach
to
the
ten
principles
differ
qualitaBvely
from
each
other
and/or
fall
into
clusters?
-‐>
Yes,
So8ware
Pla:orm
Freedoms
(principles
4,
5,
&
6)
rated
lower,
less
correlated
with
other
principles
37. Four
Users’
Rights
Frameworks
• Rights
and
ResponsibiliCes
of
Electronic
Learners
(RREL,
1994)
[Frank
Connolly]
• A
Bill
of
Rights
for
Users
of
the
Social
Web
(BRUSW,
2007)
[Joseph
Smarr
et
al.]
• Marco
Civil
da
Internet
(MCdI,
2014)
[Brazilian
Government]
• NETMundial
DraD
Outcome
Document
[NDOD,
2014)
[“MulBstakeholder”]
41. Conclusion
#1
Privacy
Data
Portability
CreaBve
Commons
Free
SoCware
Open
Source
ParBcipatory
Design
Wikipedia-‐Style
Democracy
Right
to
Connect
Accessibility
Freedom
of
Expression
Open
Access
Right
to
Be
ForgoJen
Net
Neutrality
Open
Protocols
All
of
these
should
be
seen
as
possible
elements
of
a
more
general
Users’
Rights
Framework
42. Conclusion
#2
An
analysis
framework
for
users’
rights
can
be
used
to
compare
policy
frameworks,
to
see
what
they
have
in
common
as
well
as
missing
elements.
43. Conclusion
#3
Internet
users
who
are
knowledgeable
enough
to
understand
users’
rights
principles
have
stable
attudes
toward
them,
and
tend
to
value
them
highly.
44. Conclusion
#4
Despite
the
efforts
of
those
who
have
advocated
for
them,
what
I
have
called
“SoCware
PlaUorm
Freedoms”
(especially
soCware
freedom,
parBcipatory
design)
appear
to
be
viewed
as
dispensable
relaBve
to
other
digital
rights
and
freedoms,
even
by
most
sophisBcated
users
such
as
screened
MTurk
workers.
(Is
this
attude
jusBfied?)
