description about young adulthood age 20-40

1. Young Adulthood
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2. Physical and Cognitive Development
in Young Adulthood
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3. Emerging Adulthood
Three criteria most people use for adulthood:
Accepting responsibility for oneself
Making independent decisions
Becoming financially independent
Emerging adulthood—transitional time
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4. Health Status
in Young Adulthood
Most young adults are healthy (95%)
Accidents are the leading cause of death
However, too many:
Overweight
Exercise too little
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5. Genetic Influences on Health
Many disorders have roots in genetics:
Obesity
Some cancers – lung, prostate, and breast
High cholesterol
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6. Preventative Measures
for Health
Regular screening tests
Pap smears, self-exams of breasts
Good posture (carpal tunnel syndrome)
Physical activity
Sleep
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7. Diet and Nutrition
Proper Diet
Limited saturated fats
Limited red or processed meats
5 fruits and 5 vegetables each day
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8. Obesity Prevalence
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9. Risks to Health
in Young Adulthood
Obesity/overweight
Infrequent physical activity
Smoking
Alcohol use or abuse
 Especially risky during college years
Use or abuse of other substances
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10. Drug Use by Age
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11. Indirect Influences on Health
SES and race/ethnicity
Relationships
Social Integration
Social Support
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12. Mental Health Problems
Alcoholism
Antisocial behavior
Depression
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13. Sexual and Reproductive Issues
Behavior and attitudes
Almost all U.S. adults have had sexual relations before
marriage,
Variety in sexual activities is common.
Casual sex is fairly common, especially on college campuses.
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14. Premenstrual
Syndrome (PMS)
Physical and emotional discomfort two weeks prior
to menstruation
Symptoms:
Fatigue and headaches
Swelling and tenderness of breasts
Bloating, nausea, cramps
Anxiety, depression, irritability, mood swings
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15. STDs
Half of all adults have had an STD by age 24.
Highest rates are among teens and young adults.
Number of people living with HIV has risen worldwide.
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16. Infertility
Inability to conceive a baby after 12 months of
trying
Experienced by 7% of U.S. couples
Most common cause – low sperm count
In women, common causes include:
Failure to produce ova or abnormal ova
Mucus in the cervix
Endometriosis
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17. Box 13.1 Assisted
Reproduction Technology
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
In vitro maturation (IVM)
Artificial insemination
Ovum transfer
Surrogate motherhood
Legal and ethical issues
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18. Cognition in Adulthood:
Reflective Thinking
Active and persistent consideration of
information or beliefs
Questioning supposed facts
Emerges between 20
and 25 years
Cortical regions with enriched myelination
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19. Postformal Thought
Ability to deal with:
Uncertainty and inconsistency
Contradiction
Imperfection and compromise
Draws on:
Intuition
Emotion
Logic
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20. Components of
Postformal Thought
Shifting gears
Problem definition
Process-product shift
Pragmatism
Multiple solutions
Awareness of paradox
Self-referential thought
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21. Emotional Intelligence (EI)
The ability to recognize and deal with one’s own
feelings and the feelings of others
Self-awareness
Self-management
Social awareness
Relationship management
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22. Culture and Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg’s moral dilemmas
Examples of cultural bias:
Buddhist monks score low because of their principles of
nonviolence and cooperation.
The premise of the dilemma is unbelievable to Chinese
villagers.
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23. Gender and Moral Reasoning
Gilligan found Kohlberg’s dilemmas gender-
biased.
Favor masculine justice views over feminine
compassion
Other research has not found gender bias.
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24. Box 13.2 Faith across the Lifespan
Fowler’s model
1. Intuitive-projective faith
2. Mythic-literal faith
3. Synthetic conventional faith
4. Individuative-reflective faith
5. Conjunctive faith
6. Universalizing faith
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25. The College Transition
U.S. college enrollment at record high
38% of all 18- to 24-year-olds
Mostly due to increasing numbers of females
56% of undergraduates
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26. Adjusting to College
Key Factors to Adjustment:
Financial support
Emotional support
Adaptability
High aptitude and problem solving skills
Engaged in studies and social environment
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27. Cognitive Growth in College
Thinking progresses from:
Rigidity  Flexibility  Freely chosen commitments
Ultimately, commitment
within relativism
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28. Community College & Occupational
Education
37% of undergraduates are enrolled in 2-year community
colleges.
Students tend to be older, female, from minority or low
income families, and independent of their parents.
A significant proportion are enrolled to enhance job skills.
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29. Completing College
Only 1 out of 4 who start college has a degree
within 5 years
Completing college depends upon:
Motivation and aptitude
Ability to work independently
Social integration and support
Fit between school and student
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30. Cognitive Growth at Work
Substantive Complexity of Work
The degree of thought and independent judgment required
A person’s flexibility in coping with cognitive demands
Spillover Hypothesis
Cognitive gains from work carry over to nonworking hours
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31. Combining Work and School
Working part-time can help students
organize their time and learn work
habits.
But, more than 15-20 hours per week
can have a negative impact.
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32. Combining Work and School
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33. Some Measures to Ease
School-to-Work Transition
Improve dialogues between schools and employers.
Make school and work schedules compatible.
Increase availability of part-time work.
Let employers design work-study programs.
Improve training of vocational counselors.
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34. Psychosocial Development
in Young Adulthood
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35. Influences on Paths to Adulthood
Gender
Academic ability
Early attitudes toward education
Expectations in late adolescence
Social class
Ego development
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36. Recentering
Stage 1 — Still embedded in family of origin
Stage 2 — Connected to family, but moving toward serious
commitments and gaining resources to support them
Stage 3 — Independence from family of origin, with
increased commitment to career, partner and possibly
children
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37. Identity Development
Contemporary moratorium
“Youthhood,” a permanent alternative to adulthood
Racial/ethnic identity exploration
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38. Developing Adult
Relationships with Parents
One measure of how successfully emerging adults handle
becoming autonomous is their ability to remain connected
with parents.
Parents and children seem to get along best when normative
life course is followed.
Failure to launch—adult children who continue to live with
parents
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39. Personality Development:
Four Views
Normative stage models
Timing of events model
Trait models
Typological models
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40. Erikson’s
Normative Stage Model
Intimacy versus isolation
Young adults must make commitments to
others or face isolation and self-absorption
Resolution of this stage results in virtue of
‘love’
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41. Valiant’s
Four Patterns of Adaptation
Adaptive Mechanisms:
Mature
Immature
Psychotic
Neurotic
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42. Levinson’s Stage Model
Life Structure
The underlying pattern of a person’s life at a
given time
Eras and phases
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43. Normative Studies of Women
Women may face different psychological and
environmental constraints in forming life structures than
men do.
Women’s transitions tend to take longer.
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44. Criticisms of
Normative-Stage Models
Generalizability
Small and limited samples
Effects of societal events specific to cohorts
Economic depression of the 1930s
Economic expansion after WWII
Developmental tasks
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45. Timing-of-Events Model
The course of development depends on when
events occur in people’s lives
Normative life events
‘On time’ or ‘Off time’
Social Clock
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46. Trait Models:
Five Factors of Personality
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47. Evaluating Five-Factor Model
Research has found gradual, systematic change in
personality throughout adulthood, not continuity.
Five-factor model is based on subjective ratings –
may lack validity.
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48. Typological Models
Personality affects and reflects:
Attitudes
Values
Beliefs
Social interactions
Use interviews, self-reports, clinical assessments
and behavior ratings
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49. Typological Models:
Three Personality Types
Ego-resilient
Overcontrolled
Undercontrolled
3 Types differ in:
 Ego-resiliency: Adaptability under stress
 Ego-control: Self control
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50. Foundations of
Intimate Relationships
Self-disclosure
Self-awareness and empathy
Ability to communicate emotions
Conflict resolution
Commitment
Sexual decision making
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51. Friendship in Young Adulthood
Center on work and parenting activities
Sharing of confidences and advice
Young singles rely on friendship for social needs
Women have social needs
met by friends more than men
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52. Sternberg’s
Triangular Subtheory of Love
Three Elements of Love:
1. Intimacy
Emotional element
Involves self-disclosure
2. Passion
Motivational element
Translates physiological arousal into sexual desire
3. Commitment
Cognitive element
Decision to love and stay with the beloved
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53. Single Life
Young adults 25-34 who have not yet married:
32% women
43% men
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54. Gay and Lesbian
Relationships
About 40-60% of gay men and 45-80% of lesbians
are in romantic relationships
Differences between gay/lesbian relationships and
heterosexuals ones
• More likely to negotiate household choice
• Resolve conflicts in more positive atmosphere
• Less stable, due to lack of institutional supports
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55. Legalizing Same-Sex Marriages
 World:
 Netherlands first to legalize, 2001
 Belgium, 2003
 16 European countries have recognized same-sex unions.
 U.S.
 Vermont first state to recognize civil unions
 Massachusetts first to legalize same-sex marriage 2003
 California Supreme Court strikes down gay marriage ban in 2008
 Legislation pending in several other states
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56. Cohabitation
Unmarried couples who are involved in a
sexual relationship and live together
Wide international variation
More than 83% of French women before age 45
years
Less than 5% of Polish women
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57. Women’s Expected Cohabitation
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58. Cohabitation in the USA
Appears to be in transition
4 percent of U.S. households
Over half of U.S. couples who marry live together first
Higher divorce rates among previous cohabiters
May reflect people’s traits, rather than the experience of
cohabitation itself
– Meaning of cohabitation is different for older couples
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59. Benefits of Marriage
Division of labor
Economic security
Commitment, friendship
Opportunity for emotional growth
New sources of identity and self-esteem
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60. Entering Matrimony
Historically mates chosen by matchmakers
Only in modern times do people choose mates based on
love
Typical marrying age has increased in industrialized
countries
Men: 27 years
Women: 25 years
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61. Living Arrangements
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62. Marital Satisfaction
Married people tend to be happier than unmarried people.
Those in unhappy marriages are less happy than unmarried or
divorced people.
Factors affecting satisfaction:
Expectations
Economic resources
Equal decision-making
Non-traditional gender attitudes
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63. Marriage: Four
Theoretical Perspectives
Companionate model
Institutional model
Equity model
Gender model
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64. Factors in
Marital Success or Failure
Partners’ happiness with the relationship
Sensitivity to each other
Validation of each other’s feelings
Communication
Conflict management skills
Age at marriage
College graduates
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65. Having Children in
Developing Countries
Overpopulation and hunger are problems.
Important to recognize need to limit family size
Division of labor has changed.
More mothers now work for pay
Age at first child varies by ethnicity and race.
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66. Men & Women:
Involvement in Parenthood
Both have a mixture of feelings.
 Excitement, anxiety, responsibility
Mothers are more involved than fathers in
children’s lives.
Married women complain of more housework and
marital conflict
Involved fathers tend to be more satisfied with
their lives.
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67. Marital Satisfaction &
Parenthood
Marital satisfaction declines during childrearing years,
especially infanthood
Mothers who saw themselves as unable to cope with
demands of motherhood were dissatisfied
Fathers most involved with children were more satisfied with
their lives
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68. Benefits of
Dual-Earner Families
Beneficial to mental and physical health
Women have a greater share of economic power
Reduces the economic pressure on men
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69. Drawbacks of
Dual-Earner Families
Possible rivalry between spouses
Extra demands on time and energy
Anxiety and guilt about meeting children’s
needs
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70. Domestic Work:
Effects on Marriage
Dual-income families take diverse forms
Wives’ earnings accounted for an average of 35% of
family income
Perception of inequality of roles contributes to
marital instability
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71. Divorce
Average marriage that ends in divorce does so after 7-8
years.
1 in 5 U.S. adults has been divorced.
Rates twice as high as 1960
Peak in early 1980s
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72. Possible Reasons for Divorce
Incompatibility and lack of emotional support
Younger women said, lack of career support
Spousal abuse
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73. Box 14.1 Intimate Partner Violence
Victims are predominantly young, poor, less educated,
divorced or cohabiting
Three types of violence
Situational couple violence
Emotional abuse
Intimate terrorism
Shelters and law enforcement support
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74. Adjusting to Divorce
Divorce tends to reduce long-term well-being
Men: Negative effects on health
Disruption of parent-child relationships
Loss of emotional support
Discord with former spouse
Economic hardship
Women more likely to live in poverty post-divorce
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75. Remarriage and Stepparenthood
One-third of U.S. marriages are remarriages for
both bride and groom.
One-fourth of stepfamilies are formed by
cohabitation.
Many families adjust and create
a nurturing atmosphere.
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