references and types

1. REFERENCES
Managerial Communication and Technology
by, HONEY BRIJIT THOMAS

2. Learning outcomes
 To study different referencing styles used
 To get the appropriate format of reference for presenting
 To know the difference between different styles used
 To support all significant statements
 To know the origin of the work

3. Why is correct referencing important?
Academic Reasons Practical reasons
It is a requirement of your department/school Allows others to easily find your sources
–give as much information as you can
Puts your current work into context Helps you re-trace your reading in the future
Provides supporting evidence for facts,
opinions, data, approaches taken
Poor information sources and poor referencing
loses marks
Gives your work academic credibility
Shows the breadth of your reading
Avoid plagiarism

4. What are references and citations?
• Appears in the text of your essay, wherever you
use a quote or incorporate an idea you have
picked up from another source
Citation
• Appears at the end of your essay or chapter, or
sometimes at the bottom of each page, and gives
full details of the source of your information
reference
• A list at the end of your essay which gives the full
details of all sources which you have read even if
they are not referred to within the text
Reference
list
bibliography
A list at the end of a chapter or essay giving full
details of sources cited within the essay

5. Citation Required No citation required
You are quoting directly from another
sourece

Mention a fact that is commonly
known

Present the result of your own survey
or result

You are writing about another
reserchers theory or idea using your
own words as a paraphrase or
summary

You use an image from web 
You are using facts and figures form
another writer to support your work

You use a diagram from a book 
You include some statistics that your 

6. Reference and Referencing styles
• Referencing style:- A referencing style is a specific format for
presenting in–text references(footnotes or endnotes) and
bibliography.
• It is an act of referring
• Reference:
- The action of mentioning or alluding to something
- The use of a source of information in order to ascertain
something

7. NEED OF REFERENCE
• Proves that substantial research has been done to support our analysis
• Enables others to follow up on our work
• Gives credit to other peoples work
• Avoids chances of plagiarism
• Required to support all significant statements
• Used to indicate the origin of material and source for research and further reading

8. TYPES OF REFERENCE
• Journal reference
• Book reference
• Internet reference

9. Reference Element
 Author’s name
 Article title
 Journal name
 Year
 Volume
 Issue
 Page number

10. Different styles of writing references
 Harvard style of referencing
 American Psychological Association style (APA)
 Vancouver style
 MLA citation style(modern language association)
 The Chicago manual of style

11. Harvard style of referencing
What is Harvard Style?
Harvard referencing style is used
primarily in education area. Harvard
referencing style uses references in
two places in a piece of writing: in the
text and in a reference list at the end. In
general, each author name that
appears in the text must also appear in
the reference list, and every work in the
reference list must also be referred to
in the main text. All the details of the
reference are important, even the full
stops and commas. In-text references
in Harvard style should give the
author’s family name and the year of
the work’s publication. If you quote or
paraphrase, you should also give a
page number.
 Author’s name followed by initials
 Year of publication
 Article title with single quotation mark followed
by full stop
 Name of journal in italic form
 Volume followed by a comma
 Issue number in bracket
 Page number

12. Examples for Harvard referencing style: Books, Journals &
webpages
 Format and Example for book:
 Format and Example for Journal:

13. Harvard referencing for Webpages:

14. Harvard style In-text format:
 Book:
 Journals:
 Web Page:

15. Vancouver style
• Author’s Surname followed by initials
• Title of article followed by double
quotation
• Title of journal(abbreviated)
• Date of publication followed by double
quotation
• Volume number
• Issue number in bracket
• Page number
 The Vancouver referencing style is a numeric
system used in biomedical, health and some
science publication

16. Format and example for Vancouver style:
 Book example:
 Journal Example:
 Webpage Example:

17. MLA citation style (modern language association)
• Author name
• Title of article
• Name of journal
• Volume number followed by decimal
& issue number
• Year of publication
• Page numbers
• Medium of publication
 MLA style is a referencing method developed
by the Modern Language Association. It
consists of two parts: a brief in-text citation in
the body of your essay and a detailed list of the
“Works Cited” at the end of the work.
 In-text citations
Information from sources in the text is shown
with in-text citations that include the author's
surname and the page number(s), or line
number for poetry. Eg : Mitchell states “...”
(189) Or (Mitchell 189)

18. MLA Example and format(reference list)
 Book
 Journal

19. MLA style Format and Example : Website

20. American Psychological Association style(APA)
 Author’s name followed by its initials
 Year of publication
 Article title followed by full stop
 Name of journal in italic form
 Volume followed by a comma
 Page number
WHAT IS APA'S STYLE OF REFERENCE
CITATION?
APA style uses the author/date method of
citation in which the author's last name and
the year of the publication are inserted in
the actual text of the paper. It is the style
recommended by the American
Psychological Association and used in
many of the social sciences

21. Format and Example (APA style):
 Book :
 Journal:

22. Format and Example (APA Style):Website

23. The Chicago manual
What is CMS?
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) is
the preferred formatting and style
guidelines used by the disciplines of
history, philosophy, religion, and the
arts.
 Name of author
 Article title in double quotation mark
 Title of journal in italic
 Volume
 Year of publication
 Page number

24. Format and Example : CMS
 Book :
 Journal:

25. Format & Example : CMS
 Website:

26. Difference between Reference list and Bibliography
Reference list
• A list of sources we have cited in
our text arranged in the order they
appeared within the text. it is usually
put at the end of our work but it can
also appear as a footnote (at the
bottom of the page),or endnote (at
the end of each chapter )which
serves a similar purpose.
Bibliography
 A separate list of sources we have consulted
but not specifically cited in our work including
background reading. it is arranged
alphabetically by the author’s surname

27. …Thank you!