Open Access
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The document discusses Open Access and how it relates to the story of Aaron Swartz. It provides background on Open Access, including that it allows work to be published online for free access. It also discusses different models of Open Access like gold, green, and hybrid. The document suggests Swartz's actions may have been motivated by advocating for more open access to scholarly articles. However, his methods were illegal and controversial. The incident has brought more attention to debates around public access to scholarly work.
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Open Access
- 1. Open Access LIB 100 : Library and Information Research Strategies Le Moyne College October 26, 2011
- 2. Open Access Week • October 24-30, 2011 :: “A global event, now in its 5th year, promoting Open Access as a new norm in scholarship and research.” • http://www.openaccessweek.org/
- 3. Open Access • Work is published online and reader is allowed to access it without charge.
- 4. Publishing • 1640s – 'a Colledge for the Promoting of Physico- Mathematicall Experimentall Learning'. • 1662 – Royal Society charter and first books published. • 1665 – first issue of • Scholarly Journal purposes: Philosophical Transactions. • Registration (or Priority) – establish • 1847 – Fellows elected solely on who , what, and when of an idea the merit of their scientific work. • Certification – verify validity of idea • Scholarly publishing principles: through peer review • Peer review to ensure quality • Dissemination – publication & of published works. recognition of idea • Gift culture – scholarly • Preservation – ideas are preserved information is a public good. with libraries as archives
- 5. Publishing • 1960s – commercial publishers take over from societies. • Peer review and gift culture intact. • Commercial publisher owns copyright and distribution. • 1980+ – Serials crisis – journal prices exceed ability of libraries to • Scholarly Journal purposes: purchase. • Registration – establish who and what of an idea • Certification – verify validity of idea through peer review • Dissemination – publication & recognition of idea • Preservation – ideas are preserved with libraries as archives
- 6. Sticker Shock 2011 Honda Accord LX
- 7. Sticker Shock Le Moyne Tuition, Room, and Board
- 8. #OCCUPYWALLSTREET • Elsevier, with 2000 journals, made $1.1 billion in 2010, a profit of 36% • Compare to Fortune 500 average profits of 4.7% • CEO of Elsevier, Erik Engstrom, made over $2,931,000 in 2009
- 9. Publishing • 1960s – commercial publishers take over from societies. • Peer review and gift culture intact. • Commercial publisher owns copyright and distribution. • 1980s + Serials crisis – journal prices exceed ability of libraries to • Scholarly Journal purposes: purchase. • Registration – establish who and • Responses: what of an idea • “Big Deal” – libraries lease • Certification – verify validity of idea packages of journals - through peer review question of sustainability • Dissemination – publication & • Open Access – authors take recognition of idea back copyright and control of • Preservation – ideas are preserved distribution so all readers can with libraries as archives access their work.
- 10. Copyright Public Domain Commercial Publishing • Copyright abandoned by • Copyright usually author or expired assigned to publisher – Original author no longer – Publisher controls owns the work distribution and profits • Publish or remix the – Articles especially work for profit • Copyright on books usually retained by author – Work may be used freely including derivative works. • Author can negotiate to – Penguin Classics or Dover retain copyright – Pride and Prejudice – Extra step for author and Zombies – Not all publishers allow See: http://resources.library.lemoyne.edu/pubserv-copyright
- 11. Open Access • Work is published online and reader is allowed to access it without charge. • Author has right to disseminate work and can set the terms of use through licensing. • Author should retain copyright! • 40-60% of articles authored by faculty are not available on the campuses where they teach. • OA articles have increased readership and greater citation advantage.
- 12. Kinds of Open Access • Open Access Journal – cost of publishing shifts from subscription fees paid by the reader to author publication fees. – Also called “Gold” OA – all articles in journal free to reader – $1200 - $3000 author fees are common – BioMed Central, PLoS NIH-funding mandates OA – DOAJ – Directory of Open Access Journals > 7200 journals • Self-Archiving – author retains copyright and publishes a copy of work on personal or institutional website. – Also called “Green” OA – articles in journal still cost ! – Author negotiates with publisher for rights to distribute – Institutional Repository – Kansas U, JSC [NASA] Digital Images – Subject Repository – arXiv.org, SSRN, COBRA – SHERPA/ROMEO – list journal’s self-archiving policies – OpenDOAR – Directory of Open Access Repositories > 2000 repositories
- 13. Quasi-Open Access • Hybrid Journals – commercial publishers that allow for some articles to be published as OA. – author fees to ensure OA treatment. – SpringerOpen, Elsevier – Libraries must still must subscribe to journal to access everything (small fraction of articles are OA) • Embargoed Journals – commercial journals that release all articles as OA after a specified embargo period. – Highwire Press – 6 - 24 months wait, 12 months typical – For cutting edge, reader must pay for access
- 14. Degrees of Freedom in OA “Gratis” vs “Libre” Gratis Libre • Gratis OA simply grants • Libre OA gives the the reader free access to reader additional rights. the work for reading. • The copyright holder • By default, the reader of a determines what rights copyrighted work has no the reader has, usually rights to use it. through a license – (Except “fair use” in the US) statement. • “Free as in beer” • “Free as in speech”
- 15. Copyright Public Domain Commercial Publishing Licensing in addition to Copyright • BY – must attribute the author • NC – non-commercial use only • ND – no derivative works • SA – derivatives works must “share alike” http://creativecommons.org/choose/
- 16. The Story • Aaron Swartz, an open access advocate and open politics activist, over the course of several months, and for unknown reasons, gained unauthorized guest access to the MIT campus • JSTOR has filed no charges and network, and downloaded several confirm that Swartz returned the million articles from JSTOR. files he had downloaded. • As a result of his actions, JSTOR • MIT may press charges but hasn’t. alerted MIT of a violation of their terms of service and, for a time, • Federal indictment charges included JSTOR cut off access to MIT. wire fraud, computer fraud, unlawfully obtaining information • Swartz was identified and arrested from a protected computer, and removing his laptop from a wiring recklessly damaging a protected closet on the MIT campus. computer. Photo credit: Fred Benenson / www.fredbenenson.com (Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license).
- 17. Motives? • The indictment alleges Swartz intended to publically release the documents using bittorent. • Swartz’s "Guerrilla Open Access Manifesto“ (2008) says “We need to take information, wherever it is • PACER document precedent (2008). stored, make our copies and share them with the world. We need to • JSTOR has been criticized for not out of copyright take stuff that's out of copyright making their public domain material and add it to the archive. We need freely available. to buy secret databases and put • On 9/6/11, JSTOR made this them on the Web. We need to material freely available. download scientific journals and • Swartz professionally analyzes huge upload them to file sharing datasets and (according to some) networks.” JSTOR articles fit this profile. Photo credit: flickr.com/photos/clonedmilkmen/4391670988 (Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0)
- 18. How Does This Story Relate to OA? • Do you think this is an OA-related incident and how has it affected the movement? • Should public domain articles always be free? • Should all journal backfiles be OA?
- 19. To Learn More • Open Access Week – Oct. 24-30 – http://www.openaccessweek.org/ • Right to Research Coalition – http://www.righttoresearch.org/ • SPARC – Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition – http://www.arl.org/sparc/ • Open Access Directory – http://oad.simmons.edu/
- 20. Sources • Bustillos, M. (2011) "Was Swartz Stealing?" The Awl. Retrieved from http://www.theawl.com/2011/08/was-aaron-swartz-stealing • Glenn, David. (2011) "Rogue Downloader's Arrest Could Mark Crossroads for Open-Access Movement." The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/Rogue-Downloaders-Arrest/128439/ • Rapp, D. (2011) "JSTOR Announces Free Access to 500K Public Domain Journal Articles." Library Journal. Retrieved from http://www.libraryjournal.com/lj/newsletters/newsletterbucketacademic newswire/891947-440/jstor_announces_free_access_to.html.csp • Schwartz, M. (2009) "An Effort to Upgrade a Court Archive System to Free and Easy." New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/us/13records.html
- 21. Open Access © Tom Keays
Notas do Editor
- Began meeting in the mid-1640s to discuss the new philosophy of promoting knowledge of the natural world through observation and experiment, which we now call science.Its official foundation date is 28 November 1660, when a group of 12 met at Gresham College after a lecture by Christopher Wren, then the Gresham Professor of Astronomy, and decided to found 'a Colledge for the Promoting of Physico-MathematicallExperimentall Learning'. This group included Wren himself, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, Sir Robert Moray, and William, Viscount Brouncker. First Royal Charter, which was granted by King Charles II in 1662.John Evelyn's Sylva and Micrographia by Robert Hooke in 1662.Philosophical Transactions is now the oldest scientific journal in continuous publication.1,450 Fellows and Foreign Members, including more than 80 Nobel Laureates.Each year 44 Fellows, 8 Foreign Members and up to 1 Honorary Fellow are elected from a group of over 700 candidates who are proposed by the existing Fellowship. Fellowship from 1660 to 2007 is available for download (PDF).The word "scientist," meant to refer to a systematically working natural philosopher, (as opposed to an intuitive or empirically minded one) was coined in 1833 by William Whewell.
- Sputnik : 4 October 1957
- Honda Accord LX = $22,950Brain Research = $23,446
- Nuclear Physics A & B = $25,888Jeep Wrangler Sport = $25,875Brain Research 23446Physica A, B, C, D, & E 28963Physics Letters 17529Tetrahedron 19341Tetrahedron Letters 15463
- Pride and Prejudice 1813 by Jane Austen… and Zombies 2009 by Seth Graham-Smith
- Right to Research statement:http://www.righttoresearch.org/learn/whyOA/index.shtmlOpen Access seeks to return scholarly publishing to its original purpose: to spread knowledge and allow that knowledge to be built upon. Price barriers should not prevent students (or anyone) from getting access to research they need. Open Access, and the open availability and searchability of scholarly research that it entails, will have a significant positive impact on everything from education to the practice of medicine to the ability of entrepreneurs to innovate.
- ~ 250 active journals in BMC7 PLoSjrnlsJSC = Johnson Space Center (NASA)COBRA = Collection of Biostatistics Research Archive
- Accessed network on multiple occasions between September 24, 2010, and January 6, 2011; arrested removing laptop from wiring closet. “Aaron Swartz is the founder of Demand Progress. He previously co-founded the Progressive Change Campaign Committee, watchdog.net, Open Library, Jottit, and Reddit.com. He is co-author of the RSS 1.0 specification and helped launch Creative Commons.”Charges are hacker crimes, not copyright infringement crimes.
- Greg Maxwell, who recently uploaded a 33GB file of JSTOR articles onto The Pirate Bay in protest of the Swartz indictment. (Maxwell says the file contains the whole pre-1923 public domain archive of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.Making a profit off of public domain works is allowed; indeed, it's half the point. E.G., Penguin Classics. Lessig on record saying Swartz’s actions were unethical, but probably not illegal. Max Kennerly, Philly lawyer says this appears to be “a civil claim that some overly aggressive prosecutor is trying to dress up as a federal crime.”In 2008, Swartz, taking advantage of a free trial of PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records), a government database of court records, cleverly automated a download of nearly 20 million pages. This was in response to the call of information activist Carl Malamud for donations of downloaded PACER documents, which ordinarily cost eight cents per page. Malamud's position is that since the public owns these documents, access to them should be easy and free of charge online. In the event, Swartz hadn't broken any laws, so the Feds were forced to drop their investigation. Perhaps a certain resentment lingered.