2. Simple Past expresses the idea
that an action started and finished
at a specific time in the past.

3. Henry arrived at the airport.
Past Present Future
Completed action in the past

4. I finished my
lunch, went to the
beach, and found a
nice place to swim.
Past Present Future
A series of completed actions

5. Richard studied astronautical
engineering for three years.
Past Present Future
Duration in the past

6. Past Present Future
Past Facts or Generalizations

7. Dinosaurs were once the dominant
terrestrial vertebrate animals.
Past Present Future
Past Facts or Generalizations

8. Use Past Continuous to
indicate that a longer action in the past
was interrupted. The interruption is
usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.

9. We were driving through
the desert when our car suddenly
broke down.
Past Present Future
Interrupted action in the past

10. were busily typing,
When I walked into the office, several people
some were talking on the phones, the boss was
yelling, and customers were waiting to be helped.
Past Present Future
Parallel actions

11. The Past Perfect expresses the
idea that something occurred
before another action in the past. It
can also show that something
happened before a specific time
in the past.

12. Tony knew Istanbul so well because
he had visited the city
several times.
Past Present Future
Completed action before something in the past

13. Past Present Future
Duration before something in the past
They felt bad about selling the house
because they had owned it
for more than forty years.

14. She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska.

15. If the Past Perfect is not referring to an
action at a specific time, Past Perfect is
compulsory. Here Past Perfect is referring
to a lack of experience rather than an
action at a specific time. For this reason,
Simple Past cannot be used.
She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska.

16. Past Perfect
Use the
Continuous to show that
something started in the past and
continued up until another time in the
past.

17. James had been teaching
at the university for more than a year
before he left for Asia.
Past Present Future
Duration before something in the past