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核磁共振
一 核磁共振现象
 核——原子核
 磁——磁场
 核磁共振(NMR)——原子核在磁场中的
  响应
 为什么原子核在磁场中会发生响应呢?
 (核有磁性)
(一)核有磁性
   核由质子和中子组成;
 质子带正电,中子不带电;
 所以,原子核带正电的。
 另外,有些核具有内秉角动量(自旋)。
 奇数核子
 奇数原子序数,偶数核子
 因而核有磁性。
 磁矩
 描述磁场强度与方向的矢量
      

    P


    自旋角动量;
    P

    旋磁比,每个核都有一特定的值。
    有正有负,核磁矩的方向与其有关。
(二)没有外磁场作用
单个磁矩随机取向;
系统宏观上没有磁性。
(三)静磁场作用单个自旋

 要受力矩作用,
 表现:
 (1)原子核吸
 收能量,磁矩取
 向变化(极化);
 (2)磁矩绕静磁
  场B0 静动(与陀
  螺在重力场中发生
  进动类似)。
  进动频率
  (Larmor频率)

     0  B0
(四)静磁场作用整个自旋系统
整个自旋系统被磁化
 产生宏观磁化量M0


 (M0的变化过程是
 核磁测井观测对象)
(五)垂直方向上施加交变磁场
 在垂直B0方向上加交
  变磁场,频率
  ω=ω0=γB0
 发生核磁共振吸收现
  象。也就是 M被扳
  倒。 
   90
     脉冲,M扳倒90
  度 
   180
     脉冲,M扳倒180
  度
(六)交变磁场作用后—弛豫

 磁化矢量朝B0
  方向恢复,使核
  自旋系统从非平
  衡分布恢复到平
  衡分布。
 纵向弛豫T1
 横向弛豫T2
1 纵向弛豫/T1
 非平衡态磁化矢量的
  纵向分量恢复到初始
  磁化矢量M0的过程
 弛豫速率1/T1        Mz是以1/T1的
 弛豫时间T1           速率按指数恢复
 磁能级粒子数发生变        到Z方向的初
  化,自旋体系能量也        值。      t
  要发生变化,自旋与                             
  晶格交换能量,又称     M z (t )  M 0 (1  e       T1
                                                 )
  自旋-晶格弛豫。
2 横向弛豫/T2
 非平衡态磁化矢量的水
  平分量Mxy衰减至零的
  过程             横向弛豫按指
 弛豫速率1/T2       数衰减
 弛豫时间T2
                                t
                           
 磁化矢量进动相位从有
  序分布趋向无规则分布,   M  M 0e       T2


  自旋体系内部相互作用,
  自旋与晶格不交换能量,
  又称自旋-自旋弛豫。
二 核磁共振测井

 (一)核磁共振信号测量
 (二)核磁共振测井仪
 (三)核磁共振测井过程与特点
(一)核磁共振信号测量
 1.自由感应衰减法
 2.自旋回波法
 3.反转恢复法(测T1)
1.自由感应衰减法
   自由感应衰减的核心是利用某种方法
  使与静磁场B0平行的核磁化强度M0扳转
  90度以激发自由进动信号。
 (1)射频脉冲法
 (2)预极化法
(1)射频脉冲法

 用一个90度射频脉冲使原来沿
 静磁场方向的磁化矢量扳转90度,
 然后进行观测,得到的信号即是
 自由感应衰减信号(或FID信号)
(早期的斯仑贝谢核磁测井仪器
 采用此种方法)
(2)预极化法

 在稳定磁场B0的垂直方向上加一较强的预极化
 磁场Bp,由于极化磁场很强,最初沿稳定磁场建
 立起来的平衡态磁化强度M0会发生偏转而沿总场
 的方向取向。(Mp)
 如果极化时间足够长,Bp>>B0,所以Mp近似
 与M0方向垂直。这时突然撤去Bp,因时间很短,
 Mp绕B0进动(w0),由于驰豫,在进动的同时,纵
 向分量恢复到平衡态的M0,而横向分量将按有效
 横向驰豫时间T2*确定的速率衰减。
t
      M p  M p 0 exp(        )
                           *
                          T
                          2




       1    1     B0
        *
              
      T2    T2     2
     这时在垂直于B0方向上探测,在接收
    线圈中可以观测到一个频率为W0变化的自
    由进动信号。(俄罗斯现代核磁测井仪器
    采用此种方法)
   自由感应衰减法所使用的静
    磁场B0都是采用的大地地磁场,
    因而产生的信号很弱。
2 自旋回波法
 现代核磁信号的测量采用(CMR,MRIL,MREx)
 CPMG脉冲

    (90 ) x 
      (180 ) y    ECHO 
     (180 ) y    ECHO
测量过程:极化-扳倒 - 失相 - 重聚 - 测量
          -再失相-再重聚-再测量
           ...
核磁共振基本原理
核磁共振基本原理

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核磁共振基本原理