1. Moral Development
• Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) presented moral dilemmas
and analyzed responses
• Preconventional
– Behavior guided by punishments and
rewards
• Conventional
– Standards learned from parents and society
• Postconventional
– Standards of society and abstract principles
(personal moral code)

2. Moral Development
Evaluating Kohlberg:
Moral Reasoning ≠ Moral Behavior
What we say and do are not always consistent

3. Parenting Styles

4. Parenting Styles

5. Parenting Styles
• Authoritarian
– Parents are controlling
and punitive
– Correlated with lack of
initiative, poor
communication skills,
social incompetence
• Authoritative
– Parents encourage
independence with
limits
– Correlated with social
competence, social
responsibility, and self-
control
• Neglectful
– Parents are generally
uninvolved
– Correlated with less social
incompetence and poor
self-control
• Indulgent
– Parents are involved, but
place few limits
– Correlated with poor
social competence, lack
of respect for others, poor
self-control

6. ADOLESCENCE, ADULTHOOD, AND
AGING

7. Adolescence
• Transition from childhood to adulthood
• Balance positive and negative aspects
• Marked by the search for identity
• Roughly 75% are happy, enjoy life, believe they can cope
effectively with stress, and value school and work

8. Adolescence (Cognitive)
• Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage
– Abstract, idealistic, and logical thought
– Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
• Adolescent Egocentrism
– The belief that others are as preoccupied
with the adolescent as he or she is
– Sense of uniqueness
– Sense of invincibility  risky behaviors

9. Socioemotional Development
• Erikson: Psychosocial Development
– Stage 5: Identity versus identity confusion
• James Marcia’s Four Identity Statuses
Exploration and Commitment
– Identity diffusion
• (no exploration; no commitment)
– Identity foreclosure
• (commitment without exploration)
– Identity moratorium
• (exploration but no commitment)
– Identity achievement
• (exploration and commitment)

10. Socioemotional
Development

11. Adulthood (physical)
• Early Adulthood
– Most reach the peak of physical development
• Middle Adulthood
– Most lose height, many gain weight
– Menopause for women (late 40s or early
50s)

12. Adulthood (Cognitive)
• Early adulthood
– Marked by relative and reflective thinking
– Considerable variation influenced by
education
• Middle adulthood
– Crystallized intelligence increases
• Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
– Fluid intelligence begins to decline
• Our ability to reason abstractly

13. Adulthood (Cognitive)

14. Adulthood (Socioemotional)
Erikson’s Theory: Last 4 Stages
5. Identity versus role confusion (adolescence)
6. Intimacy versus isolation
7. Generativity versus stagnation
8. Integrity versus despair

15. Adulthood (Socioemotional)
• Midlife Crisis or Midlife Consciousness?
• Research reveals that midlife
– Is not particularly tumultuous, mostly positive
– Is relatively low in experienced anxiety
– Adults show resilience and good coping skills
– Brings few illnesses, but poor physical fitness
• Awareness of gap between young and old

16. Adulthood (Socioemotional)
• Activity  Satisfaction and Good Health
• Value Emotional Satisfaction
– Spend time with family and friends
• Narrow Social Interactions
– Restrict contact with less familiar individuals