What you need to know before taking Serverless applications to production

in production
an experience reportan experience report
what you should know before you go to production
ServerlessServerless

Yan Cui
http://theburningmonk.com
@theburningmonk
AWS user since 2009

Yan Cui
http://theburningmonk.com
@theburningmonk

hey guys, vote on this post
and I’ll announce a winner at
10PM tonight

low utilisation to leave room for spikes
EC2 scaling is slow, so scale earlier

lots of $$$ for unused resources

up to 30 mins for deployment
deployment required downtime

- Dan North
“lead time to someone saying
thank you is the only reputation
metric that matters.”

“what would good
look like for us?”

be small
be fast
have zero downtime
have no lock-step
DEPLOYMENTS SHOULD...

FEATURES SHOULD...
be deployable independently
be loosely-coupled

WE WANT TO...
minimise cost for unused resources
minimise ops effort
reduce tech mess
deliver visible improvements faster

170 Lambda functions in prod
1.2 GB deployment packages in prod
95% cost saving vs EC2
15x no. of prod releases per month

1st function in prod!
time
is a good fit

?
time
is a good fit

ALERTING
CI / CD
TESTING
LOGGING
MONITORING

Practices ToolsPrinciples
what is good? how to make it good? with what?

170 functions
? ?
time
is a good fit

SECURITY
DISTRIBUTED TRACING
CONFIG MANAGEMENT

Legacy Monolith Amazon Kinesis Amazon Lambda
Amazon CloudSearch

Amazon CloudSearchAmazon API Gateway Amazon Lambda

Google BigQuery

Google BigQuery
1 developer, 2 days
design production
(his 1st serverless project)

Google BigQuery
“nothing ever got done
this fast at Skype!”
- Chris Twamley

choose a tried-and-tested
deployment framework,
don’t invent your own

https://github.com/awslabs/serverless-application-model

https://github.com/claudiajs/claudia

https://github.com/Miserlou/Zappa

Level of Testing
1.Unit
do our objects do the right thing?
are they easy to work with?

Level of Testing
1.Unit
2.Integration
does our code work against code we
can’t change?

handler
test by invoking
the handler

Level of Testing
1.Unit
2.Integration
3.Acceptance
does the whole system work?

Level of Testing
unit
integration
acceptance
feedback
confidence

“…We find that tests that mock external
libraries often need to be complex to
get the code into the right state for the
functionality we need to exercise.
The mess in such tests is telling us that
the design isn’t right but, instead of
fixing the problem by improving the
code, we have to carry the extra
complexity in both code and test…”
Don’t Mock Types You Can’t Change

“…The second risk is that we have to be
sure that the behaviour we stub or mock
matches what the external library will
actually do…
Even if we get it right once, we have to
make sure that the tests remain valid
when we upgrade the libraries…”

Services

Paul Johnston
The serverless approach to
testing is different and may
actually be easier.
http://bit.ly/2t5viwK

LambdaAPI Gateway DynamoDB
Unit Tests

Unit Tests
Mock/Stub

is our request correct?
is the request mapping
set up correctly?is the API resources
conﬁgured correctly?
are we assuming the
correct schema?
is Lambda proxy
conﬁgured correctly?
is IAM policy set
up correctly?
is the table created?
what unit tests will not tell you…

most Lambda functions are simple
have single purpose, the risk of
shipping broken software has largely
shifted to how they integrate with
external services
observation

optimize towards shipping working
software, even if it means slowing
down your feedback loop…

“…Wherever possible, an acceptance
test should exercise the system end-to-
end without directly calling its internal
code.
An end-to-end test interacts with the
system only from the outside: through
its interface…”
Testing End-to-End

Test Input

Test Input
Validate

integration tests exercise
system’s Integration with its
external dependencies
my code

acceptance tests exercise
system End-to-End from
the outside
my code

integration tests differ from
acceptance tests only in HOW the
Lambda functions are invoked
observation

me
the earlier you consider CI/CD
the more time you save in
the long run

“…We prefer to have the end-to-end
tests exercise both the system and the
process by which it’s built and
deployed…
This sounds like a lot of effort (it is), but
has to be done anyway repeatedly
during the software’s lifetime…”
Testing End-to-End

me
deployment scripts that only
live on the CI box is a disaster
waiting to happen…

Jenkins build config deploys and tests
unit + integration tests
deploy
acceptance tests

if [ "$1" = "deploy" ] && [ $# -eq 4 ]; then
STAGE=$2
REGION=$3
PROFILE=$4
npm install
AWS_PROFILE=$PROFILE 'node_modules/.bin/sls' deploy -s $STAGE -r $REGION
elif [ "$1" = "int-test" ] && [ $# -eq 4 ]; then
STAGE=$2
REGION=$3
PROFILE=$4
npm install
AWS_PROFILE=$PROFILE npm run int-$STAGE
elif [ "$1" = "acceptance-test" ] && [ $# -eq 4 ]; then
STAGE=$2
REGION=$3
PROFILE=$4
npm install
AWS_PROFILE=$PROFILE npm run acceptance-$STAGE
else
usage
exit 1
ﬁ

if [ "$1" = "deploy" ] && [ $# -eq 4 ]; then
STAGE=$2
REGION=$3
PROFILE=$4
npm install
STAGE=$2
REGION=$3
PROFILE=$4
npm install
STAGE=$2
REGION=$3
PROFILE=$4
npm install
else
usage
exit 1
ﬁ
install Serverless framework
as dev dependency

if [ "$1" = "deploy" ] && [ $# -eq 4 ]; then
STAGE=$2
REGION=$3
PROFILE=$4
npm install
STAGE=$2
REGION=$3
PROFILE=$4
npm install
STAGE=$2
REGION=$3
PROFILE=$4
npm install
else
usage
exit 1
ﬁ
install Serverless framework
as dev dependency
mitigate version conflicts

http://alistair.cockburn.us/Hexagonal+architecture

build.sh allows repeatable builds on both local & CI

2016-07-12T12:24:37.571Z 994f18f9-482b-11e6-8668-53e4eab441ae
GOT is off air, what do I do now?

2016-07-12T12:24:37.571Z 994f18f9-482b-11e6-8668-53e4eab441ae
GOT is off air, what do I do now?
UTC Timestamp API Gateway Request Id
your log message

Yan
Logs are not easily searchable
in CloudWatch Logs.

CloudWatch Logs AWS Lambda ELK stack

a user
my followers didn’t receive
my new post!

correlation IDs*
* eg. request-id, user-id, yubl-id, etc.

wrap HTTP client & AWS SDK clients
to forward captured correlation IDs

kinesis client
http client
sns client

use X-Ray for performance tracing

X-Ray traces do not span over API
Gateway, or async event sources

no place to install agents/daemons

• invocation Count
• error Count
• latency
• throttling
• granular to the minute
• support custom metrics

• same metrics as CW
• better dashboard
• support custom metrics
https://www.datadoghq.com/blog/monitoring-lambda-functions-datadog/

my code
internet internet
press button something happens

those extra 10-20ms for
sending custom metrics
would compound when
you have microservices
and multiple APIs are
called within one slice
of user event

Amazon found every 100ms of latency
cost them 1% in sales.
http://bit.ly/2EXPfbA

no more background processing,
other than what the platform provides

console.log(“hydrating yubls from db…”);
console.log(“fetching user info from user-api”);
console.log(“MONITORING|1489795335|27.4|latency|user-api-latency”);
console.log(“MONITORING|1489795335|8|count|yubls-served”);
timestamp metric value
metric type
metric namemetrics
logs

CloudWatch Logs AWS Lambda
ELK stack
logs
metrics
CloudWatch

don’t forget to setup dashboards
& CW alarms

design for easy & quick
propagation of conﬁg changes

me
Environment variables make it
hard to share conﬁgurations
across functions.

me
Environment variables make it
hard to implement ﬁne-grained
access to sensitive info.

sensitive data should be encrypted
in-ﬂight, and at-rest

enforce role-based access to sensitive
conﬁguration values

SSM Parameter Store
HTTPS
role-based access
encrypted in-flight

SSM Parameter Store
encrypt
role-based access

SSM Parameter Store
encrypted at-rest

HTTPS
role-based access
SSM Parameter Store
encrypted in-flight

invest into a robust client library

invalidate at interval & weak signals

“DevOps is a set of practices intended to
reduce the time between committing a
change to a system and the change being
placed into normal production, while
ensuring high quality.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevOps#Definitions_and_History

Serverless ops is different…

remember the principles
rethink the approach

API Gateway and Kinesis
Authentication & authorisation (IAM, Cognito)
Testing
Running & Debugging functions locally
Log aggregation
Monitoring & Alerting
X-Ray
Correlation IDs
CI/CD
Performance and Cost optimisation
Error Handling
Configuration management
VPC
Security
Leading practices (API Gateway, Kinesis, Lambda)
Canary deployments
http://bit.ly/production-ready-serverless
get 40% off
with: ytcui

@theburningmonk
theburningmonk.com
github.com/theburningmonk

What you need to know before taking Serverless applications to production

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What you need to know before taking Serverless applications to production