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Bioremediation
         The Natural Way to Reduce pollution




                        Presented By: Tenzin Dolma
                                  BMS 2nd Year
                                  SRCASW, DU

Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma                            1
Introduction
  The use of bacteria and fungi and plants to
break down or degrade toxic chemical
compounds that have accumulated in the
environment at excess levels to bring them to
normal levels which are considered acceptable.

It involves :
(1) a minor change in an organic molecule leaving the main structure
still intact
 (2) fragmentation of a complex organic molecule
in such a way that the fragments could be reassembled to yield the
original structure
 (3) complete mineralization
                            Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma                  2
The release of the pollutants can be
• Deliberate and well regulated (industrial emissions)
• Accidental and largely unavoidable (chemical/oil spills)


                               Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma     3
What Makes Bioremediation a Promising Approach?

•Permanence , the waste are completely degraded
• Low cost, 60-90% less than other technologies

                Two Ways of Metabolization




                       Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma    4
In situ                                               Ex situ

•   Relies on indigenous microbial            •    Ex-situ Bioremediation requires
    fauna of subsurface soil and                   pumping of the groundwater or
    ground water. The microbes at                  excavation of contaminated soil
    the contaminated site can                      prior to remediation treatments.
    degrade the waste.                        •    It suffers from costs associated
•   Degradation continues till a limit             problems with solid handling
    but we can add nutrients and is                process e.g. excavation,
    called “enhanced insitu                        screening and fractionation,
    bioremediation.”                               mixing, homogenizing and final
•   Eg. Exxon Valdez oil spill Alaska              disposal. (i) solid-phase system
                                                   (including land treatment and soil
                                                   piles) i.e. composting, and (ii)
                                                   slurry-phase systems (involving
                                                   treatment of solid-liquid
                                                   suspensions in bioreactors).




                                Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma                           5
Requirem ents for
Biorem ediation:
                                  Microbes


                             Energy Electron
                             Source Acceptor


                       Moisture              pH



                Nutrients                  Temperature

                                                        Absence Of
          Absence Of        Removal Of
                                                        Competitive
          Toxicity          Metabolites
                                                        Bacteria

                       Bioremediation


                            Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma                 6
Above groundbioreactors
• Same technology as fermenters.
  Treats excavated soil or ground
  water with high levels of
  contaminants.
• Contaminated soil+ water=
  slurry       Reactor
• Bacterial inoculum may be from
  indigenous indigenous site,
  activated sludge or sewage.
• Genetically engineered
  organisms are used. Bioreactors
  can be used in series to
  accomplish the degradation.

                        Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma   7
Land Farming
• Pretreated or untreated oily sludge from refinery wastes mixed with
  soil is subjected to insitu bioremediation.
• Conditions: Flat landfarm, light and loamy soil for proper aeration ,
  clay layer to prevent ground water seepage. Temperature and
  precipitaion is foreseen too. ( 20 to 30 degree)
• Inorganic fertilizers are applied to raise the pH to about 7.8.
• Cons: Slow and incomplete, Heavy metal accumulation, the land
  farm used intensively can’t be used for agriculuture and livestock
  grazing later.




                           Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma                  8
Composting
• It is the emerging trend with a low cost
  in decontaminating the soils which were
  wasted with discharges from explosive
  industries. Alternative to incineration.
• Anaerobes can degrade RDX and HMX.
• Example: Desulfovibrio species use the
  explosives as N source , Klebsiella
  pneumoniae degrades RDX to CO2, H20
  and formaldehyde.
• Degradation of 90%..80 days, 55 degree
  celsius . In 150 days, 18000mg to 74 mg
  per kg.
• Eg. Desulphovibrio species( RDX and
  HMX), Klebsiella pneumoniae (RDX)
                            Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma   9
Super Bug
•Oil spills cause devastation to the environment
killing sea life, birds, and coastal plants.
Spraying areas of contamination with oil-eating
microbes accelerates the degradation of the oil.
•The very first superbug was created by
Chakrabarty and co-workers reported the
development of a new strain of bacterium by
transfer of plasmids and named it superbug
which could utilize a number of toxic organic
chemicals like octane, hexane, xylene, toluene,
camphor and naphthalene. This superbug
making it the first genetically engineered
microorganism to be patented. This superbug
was then used for cleaning an oil spill in Texas
in 1990.
• Eg. Alcanivorax borkumensis, Deinococcus
radiodurans, Pseudomonas putida

                                 Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma   10
Phytoremediation
•   Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean up potentially damaging spills.
       The plants work with soil organisms to transform contaminants, such as heavy
    metals and toxic organic compounds, into harmless or valuable forms.
•   ≈350 plant species naturally take up toxic materials
•   Sunflowers used to remove radioactive cesium and strontium from Chernobyl site
•   Water hyacinths used to remove arsenic from water supplies in Bangladesh, India
•   Transgenic plants as Arabidopsis thaliana hybrids are used.




                                    Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma                         11
Mycoremediation:
•  Mushroom mycelium release
  enzymes that can break the
  chemical bonds of many
  petrochemicals and toxins.
  Some mushrooms can also
  uptake heavy metals—they
  must then be harvested and
  treated as toxic waste.
  Different species work best
  for specific toxins.
• A substrate, often wood
  chips, sterilized straw or
  cardboard, is inoculated with
  mushroom spawn of a
  beneficial species.
  Inoculated substrate can
  also be used as a filter for
  flowing water. Some Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma
                        species                   12
  of fungi will attack
Pros and Cons
• Pros
i. Inexpensive method
ii. No maintenance expenses and aesthetically
    pleasing
• Cons
i. Only surface soil (root zone) can be treated
ii. Clean up take several years


                   Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma      13
Thank you!!!




  Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma   14
References
• Alexdaner N.Glazer and Hiroshi Nikaido ,
  Microbial Biotechnology, 2nd Edition
• Microbes and Society, Benjamin S. Weeks
• Prescott microbiology, McGraw-Hill




                  Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma   15

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Bi oremediation

  • 1. Bioremediation The Natural Way to Reduce pollution Presented By: Tenzin Dolma BMS 2nd Year SRCASW, DU Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 1
  • 2. Introduction The use of bacteria and fungi and plants to break down or degrade toxic chemical compounds that have accumulated in the environment at excess levels to bring them to normal levels which are considered acceptable. It involves : (1) a minor change in an organic molecule leaving the main structure still intact (2) fragmentation of a complex organic molecule in such a way that the fragments could be reassembled to yield the original structure (3) complete mineralization Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 2
  • 3. The release of the pollutants can be • Deliberate and well regulated (industrial emissions) • Accidental and largely unavoidable (chemical/oil spills) Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 3
  • 4. What Makes Bioremediation a Promising Approach? •Permanence , the waste are completely degraded • Low cost, 60-90% less than other technologies Two Ways of Metabolization Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 4
  • 5. In situ Ex situ • Relies on indigenous microbial • Ex-situ Bioremediation requires fauna of subsurface soil and pumping of the groundwater or ground water. The microbes at excavation of contaminated soil the contaminated site can prior to remediation treatments. degrade the waste. • It suffers from costs associated • Degradation continues till a limit problems with solid handling but we can add nutrients and is process e.g. excavation, called “enhanced insitu screening and fractionation, bioremediation.” mixing, homogenizing and final • Eg. Exxon Valdez oil spill Alaska disposal. (i) solid-phase system (including land treatment and soil piles) i.e. composting, and (ii) slurry-phase systems (involving treatment of solid-liquid suspensions in bioreactors). Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 5
  • 6. Requirem ents for Biorem ediation: Microbes Energy Electron Source Acceptor Moisture pH Nutrients Temperature Absence Of Absence Of Removal Of Competitive Toxicity Metabolites Bacteria Bioremediation Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 6
  • 7. Above groundbioreactors • Same technology as fermenters. Treats excavated soil or ground water with high levels of contaminants. • Contaminated soil+ water= slurry Reactor • Bacterial inoculum may be from indigenous indigenous site, activated sludge or sewage. • Genetically engineered organisms are used. Bioreactors can be used in series to accomplish the degradation. Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 7
  • 8. Land Farming • Pretreated or untreated oily sludge from refinery wastes mixed with soil is subjected to insitu bioremediation. • Conditions: Flat landfarm, light and loamy soil for proper aeration , clay layer to prevent ground water seepage. Temperature and precipitaion is foreseen too. ( 20 to 30 degree) • Inorganic fertilizers are applied to raise the pH to about 7.8. • Cons: Slow and incomplete, Heavy metal accumulation, the land farm used intensively can’t be used for agriculuture and livestock grazing later. Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 8
  • 9. Composting • It is the emerging trend with a low cost in decontaminating the soils which were wasted with discharges from explosive industries. Alternative to incineration. • Anaerobes can degrade RDX and HMX. • Example: Desulfovibrio species use the explosives as N source , Klebsiella pneumoniae degrades RDX to CO2, H20 and formaldehyde. • Degradation of 90%..80 days, 55 degree celsius . In 150 days, 18000mg to 74 mg per kg. • Eg. Desulphovibrio species( RDX and HMX), Klebsiella pneumoniae (RDX) Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 9
  • 10. Super Bug •Oil spills cause devastation to the environment killing sea life, birds, and coastal plants. Spraying areas of contamination with oil-eating microbes accelerates the degradation of the oil. •The very first superbug was created by Chakrabarty and co-workers reported the development of a new strain of bacterium by transfer of plasmids and named it superbug which could utilize a number of toxic organic chemicals like octane, hexane, xylene, toluene, camphor and naphthalene. This superbug making it the first genetically engineered microorganism to be patented. This superbug was then used for cleaning an oil spill in Texas in 1990. • Eg. Alcanivorax borkumensis, Deinococcus radiodurans, Pseudomonas putida Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 10
  • 11. Phytoremediation • Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean up potentially damaging spills. The plants work with soil organisms to transform contaminants, such as heavy metals and toxic organic compounds, into harmless or valuable forms. • ≈350 plant species naturally take up toxic materials • Sunflowers used to remove radioactive cesium and strontium from Chernobyl site • Water hyacinths used to remove arsenic from water supplies in Bangladesh, India • Transgenic plants as Arabidopsis thaliana hybrids are used. Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 11
  • 12. Mycoremediation: • Mushroom mycelium release enzymes that can break the chemical bonds of many petrochemicals and toxins. Some mushrooms can also uptake heavy metals—they must then be harvested and treated as toxic waste. Different species work best for specific toxins. • A substrate, often wood chips, sterilized straw or cardboard, is inoculated with mushroom spawn of a beneficial species. Inoculated substrate can also be used as a filter for flowing water. Some Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma species 12 of fungi will attack
  • 13. Pros and Cons • Pros i. Inexpensive method ii. No maintenance expenses and aesthetically pleasing • Cons i. Only surface soil (root zone) can be treated ii. Clean up take several years Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 13
  • 14. Thank you!!! Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 14
  • 15. References • Alexdaner N.Glazer and Hiroshi Nikaido , Microbial Biotechnology, 2nd Edition • Microbes and Society, Benjamin S. Weeks • Prescott microbiology, McGraw-Hill Presentaion@ Tenzin Dolma 15

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