2. Unemployment
What is the lost to the us- personally and for the
economy when unemployment happens?
Personally:
Steady Paycheck to consumers
Social loss: low self-esteem and lost of identity
To the economy:
Lost output due to decreased disposal income in the
economy
3. What does the unemployment rate
measure?
The unemployment rate measures the healthiness of a
specific economy.
4. Measuring Unemployment
Civilian non-institutional adult population: all civilian
(meaning excluding the military) age 16 or older, except
those in prison, mental facilities or in homes for the
aged.
Labor Force: people in the adult population who are
either working or looking for work
People looking for a job, but cannot find one are unemployed
Not in the work force:
Stay at home moms
College students not looking for work
Retired workers
6. Measuring Unemployment
Under-employed: individuals who are working part-time
but would prefer full-time status.
These individuals are counted in the employed rate, making the
unemployment rate seem better than it actually is.
Where are we now:
http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000
7. Exhibit 1
LO1
The Adult Population Sums the Employed,
the Unemployed, and Those Not in the
Labor Force: February 2009 (in millions)
Unemployed
(12.5)
LABOR FORCE
(154.2)
Employed
(141.7)
NOT WORKING
(93.2)
Not in labor force
(80.7)
8. Labor Force Participation Rate
This measures the total number of people in a nation
that are ACTIVELY participating in the labor force, i.e.
they are working a part-time or full-time job.
Increase in women participates from 34% of adult women in
1950 to 60% of adult women today
10. Unemployment among Various
Groups
Unemployment in various groups:
Age: Higher unemployment among teenagers
Race
Gender
Geography
Occupation
13. Unemployment varies across
occupations and regions
Varies by occupations
Blue-collar workers- higher unemployment that professional and
technical workers
Varies by regions
Specific regions have higher unemployment rates
15. Sources of Unemployment
Frictional Unemployment: occurs when job seekers and
employers are not matched up.
The employer cannot find a qualified candidate
The job seeker is unable to find a match for his/her background
Seasonal Unemployment: occurs during seasonal
changes throughout the year
Landscapers
Snow Plowers
Amusement park operators
16. Sources of Unemployment
Structural Unemployment: occurs when the skills
demanded by employers do not match those of the
unemployed or the unemployed do not live where the
jobs are
Financial Analyst looking in a small town
Cyclical Unemployment: occurs with fluctuations to the
business cycle, increase during recessions and decrease
during booms
When cyclical unemployment is present, then the economy is
inside it’s PPF
The government will begin to make economic policy to increase
Aggregate Demand
18. What is full employment?
What is full employment so important?
It measures the health of the economy
This happens when cyclical unemployment is zero
This does not mean zero unemployment, but low
unemployment between 4 to 6 %
19. Unemployment Compensation
Cash transfers to those who lose their jobs and actively
seek employment
Benefits can last up to 6 months, during recessions
sometimes longer
Opportunity cost of unemployment benefits:
They may reduce the incentive for some individuals to find work
20. LO1
Exhibit 5
During the Last Quarter Century, the U.S.
Unemployment Rate Fell, Europe’s Remained
High, and Japan’s Rose
21. Problems with official unemployment
figures
Under-employment: the problem of individuals working a
part-time job when they actually want a full-time job
This is not measured in the unemployment rate
Example: M.S. in Economics working at a p-t bank teller
Some people may be pretending to look for jobs
Underground economy
Selling baked goods to friend
Selling illegal drugs
Doing the books for a friend
22. Inflation
What is inflation?
This is when the average price level increases for all goods
This has been a current concern due to the aggressive monetary
policy done by Ben Bernanke during the last few years
24. Hyperinflation
Hyperinflation: A very high rate of inflation. VERY
DANGEROUS!!!
In 1923 Germany faced this, please read the article on Germany
and watch this short youtube video
26. Two Sources of Inflation
Demand-pull inflation: a sustained rise in the price level
caused by a rightward shift of the aggregate demand
curve.
Increase in consumers purchasing ALL consumer items on the
average
This has not been a concern in the last few years because
consumers have not been consuming items due to the
uncertainty in the economy.
27. Two Sources of Inflation
Cost-push inflation: a sustained rise in the price level
caused by a leftward shift of the aggregate supply curve.
Also know as stagflation
A little look at inflation:
28. LO2
Exhibit 6
Inflation Caused by Shifts of Aggregate Demand
and Aggregate Supply Curves
(a) Demand-pull inflation: inflation caused
by an increase of aggregate demand
Price
level
AS
(b) Cost-push inflation: inflation caused
by a decrease of aggregate supply
Price
level
AD’
P
AD
AD
0
AS
P’
P’
P
AS’
Aggregate output
An outward shift of the aggregate demand
to AD’ “pulls” the price level up from P to P’.
0
Aggregate output
A decrease of aggregate supply to AS’
“pushes” the price level up from P to P’.
29. A little history on inflation and the
price level
Since 1913, steady increase in price levels
Before 1950s
High inflation that was war related, then in 1930s deflation occurred
Since 1950s
Inflation around 3.8% per year
32. Anticipated Versus Unanticipated
Inflation
Unanticipated will create more problems that anticipated
inflation
Example: Expected inflation of 3%, so lenders (such as banks)
will plan for this. However, if inflation increases to 5%, then the
lender will lose out, but the borrower will win!
Problems:
Real wages decrease- the dollar has less value
Real interest rates decrease- lenders lose money
Result:
Overall lose to the economy
33. Average Annual Inflation from 2004
to 2008 Differed across U.S.
Metropolitan Areas
Exhibit 8
LO2
34. Inflation and Interest Rates
What is interest?
The dollar amount paid by borrowers to lenders
Interest Rate: the amount paid per year as percentage of
the amount borrowed.
The lower this rate, the cheaper it is to borrow or invest in the
economy
Nominal Interest Rate: the interest rate expressed in
dollars of value as a percentage of the amount loaned (it
is not adjusted for inflation)
35. Inflation and Interest Rates
Real interest rate: the nominal rate minute the inflation
rate
Real interest rate= Nominal interest rate – inflation rate
What happens if expected inflation is high?
The nominal interest rate will increase because lenders want to get
them money back with INTEREST!!
36. Exhibit 10
LO2
The Market for Loanable Funds
Nominal interest rate
S
i
D
0
Loanable funds per period
The upward sloping supply
curve, S, shows that more
loanable funds are supplied at
higher interest rates.
The downward-sloping demand
curve, D, shows that the quantity
of loanable funds demanded is
greater at lower interest rates.
The two curves intersect to
determine the market interest
rate, i.
37. Why are we scared of inflation?
The presence of inflation means EVERYTHING cost
more, so the price of goods goes up
What does this mean?
It is hard for firms to hire as much
It makes it hard for consumers to buy as much!!!
Why do we care?
These two things decrease economic growth!!!