The document discusses key concepts in physical education including biophysical and sociocultural factors. Biophysical factors include sports nutrition, psychology, medicine, exercise physiology, coaching, biomechanics, fitness training, skill acquisition, and game analysis. Sociocultural factors include gender, ethnicity, age, economic background, cultural beliefs, relationships, and hauora (Māori philosophy of well-being). Hauora emphasizes holistic well-being through physical, mental/emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions. The document also discusses views of health including healthism, SPEECH factors, and hegemony.
2. Biophysical Factors
• Sports nutrition: Hydration, energy
requirements, tissue growth and repair
• Sports psychology: Goal setting, mental
rehearsal, levels of arousal, motivation, feedback
• Sports medicine: Specialises in preventing,
diagnosing and treating injuries related to
participating in sports and/or exercise specifically
the rotation or deformation of joints or muscles
caused by engaging in such physical activities.
4. • Fitness Training: Methods, principles, testing
periodization of training, physiological
adaptations, anthropometry (body
measurement)
• Skill Acquisition: Types of practice,
progression, practice time, stages of learning,
technique
• Game Analysis: Use of ICT, developing
strategies, game plans
5. Socio-Cultural Factors
• Gender: Roles and Motivation
• Ethnicity: Traditions, values genetics
• Age: Impacts on interests, concentration,
ability to understand motivation, maturation,
information processing ability
6. • Economic Background: Access to resources,
facilities, coaching, barriers and enablers
• Cultural Beliefs: Values, traditions, Healthism,
role of sport in culture
• Relationships: Family, friends, peer pressure
• Hauora: of the elite athletes
• Life Skills: education, career goals
7. Views of Health
• There are many ways of looking at health and the
way it is maintained.
• Some people believe health is an individual’s
responsibility and can be controlled by managing
the physical conditions (eg balanced diet) in a
person’s life – HEALTHISM
• Others believe that health is multidimensional
and must be looked at through various areas of
well-being (eg social and spiritual) – HAUORA
• Most people agree that health and well-being are
determined by a number of personal and
interpersonal and societal factors.
8. Healthism
• What is it? It is a set of assumptions, based on
the belief that health is solely an individual
responsibility, that embrace a conception of
the body as a machine must be maintained
and kept in tune in a similar way to a car or
motor bike.
• Is a tendency for health problems to be
essentially the responsibility of the individual
and the choices they make about personal
lifestyle.
9. Human
Needs to be washed
The body consumes regularly to remove
fluids to hydrate the dirt and to keep body
body and control hygienic
temp.
Food needs to be
consumed regularly
to give the body
energy and nutrients
Fluid is used & made
A doctor helps to fix by the body so joints
the body when it gets and muscles can
sick or injured move freely
10. Comparison with Car
Needs to be washed
regularly to remove
dirt and give the
Water is added to the body shine
radiator to reduce
the temperature of
the motor
Petrol needs to be
put in regularly to
give the vehicle
energy
Oil is added to
A mechanic fixes the moving parts to
car when it breaks ensure they move
down freely
11. • It is an individualistic approach i.e. we are
responsible for our own state of health.
• Eg, if someone was overweight it is because they
ate to much and did not exercise.
• People who are out of shape – have only
themselves to blame, an individual’s physical
fitness is solely their responsibility. It does not
take into account social, political, environmental,
economic or cultural factors affecting these
choices.
• It’s not that simple?
• In light of our views of health and well-being
today this concept needs to be challenged.
• People’s ability to make and act on decisions is
influenced by a wide range of factors.
12. SPEECH
• S Societal Influences
• P Political Influences
• E Economic Influences
• E Environmental Influences
• C Cultural Influences
• H Historical Influences
13. Physical Factors that can influence a
person’s well-being.
• Advances in science, improved technology and
increased knowledge in medicine have led to
techniques for improving health.
• Healthism looks at the body in a scientific way
and believes it can be looked after though diet
and exercise, and illness can be treated solely by
prescribing medicine.
• The government promotes this philosophy in
order to get people to take responsibility for their
own health, which will decrease government
health spending.
14.
15. Hegemony
• What is it?
• Examples:
– Upper class rich society – the haves vs. the have nots
– Tend to succeed because they can pay top coaches
vs. relying natural talent to gain scholarships to get
access to these coaches and schools
– The dominance of sport or sport – e.g. Rugby seen as
superior to other sports.
16. Functionalist View of Sport
• Sport is good because it…………
1. Is a societal institution that reinforces the common values
of society
2. Socialises young people into values such as competition
3. Contributes to people’s health and welfare
4. Acts as a tension and aggression release
5. Can break down the social barriers that exist in society
6. Is based of the principle of success through hard work.
Failure is blamed on the individual’s lack of effort.
Therefore: sport for the functionalist is a reinforcement of
traditions and values. Sport is Stability
17. Conflict or Marxist Theory
Capitalist/Ruling Class Working Class/ Labourers
Ability to access resources No Access to economic resources
Control economic resources Sell their labour to the ruling class
Motivated by power Keep wages higher – to have more
access to economic resources.
Conflict with the capitalists
Capitalists self interest drives then to Forced to work as labourers, but free
maintain control over the economic to work for any employer
resources
Their economic power allows them to
influence the major institutions in
society
18. The conflict theory occurs because:
• Capitalists control all the economic resources
which allow them to maintain the status quo.
• Motivated by power and profit they get from
the resources.
• Their economic power allows them to
manipulate and dominate the major
institutions in society, such as education,
government, military, sport and media.
• Because their little influence and power in
society, the working classes only mechanism
for change is conflict.
19. Conflict Theorist VIEW OF SPORT:
• Sport serves interests by those in power by
distracting people from real social problems
and therefore decreasing their desire to seek
social change.
• Sport also reinforces ideals of capitalism:
dominance over others, obedience, discipline
and competitive success.
• THEREFORE: Sport for a conflict theorist is a
reinforcement of societies power holder’s
traditions and values (not necessarily good).
20. • WEAKNESS of CONFLICT THEORY
• Assumes that economics controls everything
else and doesn’t allow for any resistance.
• If focuses on elite sport rather than
accounting for all types of sporting activities
21. Critical Theory
• Suggests that both shared values and conflicts exist
simultaneously within society.
SOCIETY IS MADE UP OF:
• Groups with power and privilege and groups without
power and privilege.
• The powerful and the privileged have vested interest in
maintaining their power imbalances among groups.
• The powerless and disadvantaged have a vested interested
in maintaining their power and privilege.
• The critical perspective questions the status quo.
• It is concerned with ‘why/why not’ questions (who’s
interests are served).
• It believes in the importance of changing individual and
group consciousness in creating social change.
WEAKNESS OF CRITICAL THEORY
• Ignores the experiences of the individuals
22. HAUORA
• Comes from 2 words – hau and ora.
– Hau = wind, breath, dew, brisk, famous, the vitality of
a person, or the presentation of a goft in
acknowledgement of a received.
– Ora = means alive, safe, well in health, survive,
recover.
• Hauora is the Maori Philosophy of health unique
to New Zealand, Holistic approach, four main
areas:
• Physical well-being (Taha Tinana)
• Mental and emotional well-being (Taha Hinengaro)
• Social well-being (Taha Whanau)
• Spiritual well-being (Taha Wairau)
23. Each area influences and supports each other, to allow the individual total well-
being. When functioning properly, these areas form a whole and well-rounded
individual. None of these aspects can function alone, and each overlaps with all the
other aspects of well-being.
Mental/Emotional • Social Well-being
Well-being • Family, friends and other
• Coherent thinking interpersonal relationships.
processes • Feelings of belonging.
• Acknowledging and • Compassion, caring and
expressing thoughts and social support.
feelings
• Spiritual Well-being • Physical Well-being
• Values and beliefs that
• The physical body
determines the way people
live. • The body’s growth and
• Search for meaning and development
purpose in life. • Ability to move
• Personal identity and self- • Ways of caring for the body
awareness
24. • Taha Hinenagro (Mental/emotional)
– Harmony between the individual and the environment.
– Interaction between self and others
– Capacity to communicate thoughts and feelings
– To think critically and coherently
• Located with-in, thoughts, feelings, intellectual abiltiy, interaction.
• Taha Wairua (Spiritual)
– Spiritual significance of nature
– The values and beliefs that determine the way people live
– The search for meaning and purpose in life
– Quest for self-awareness and identity
– Personal belief structures
• Faith, spiritually, beliefs, meaning, identity
25. • Taha whanau (Social)
– The importance of family who provide care and nuturance
in both physical in both physical and cultural terms.
– Social interactions with others
– The capacity to belong
– Compassion and caring towards others
• Family, connection, caring, support, loyalty
• Taha Tinana (Physical)
– The importance of physical growth, development and
fitness and the benefits of staying fit.
– How we care for our bodies, how we move, and the
images we have of our bodies and societies images of the
physical body.
– Our skill level and how we can improve it.
• Physical fitness, physical growth and development, skilled
movement, body and image.
