Defending climate science and activism. Understanding and communicating the Climate Emergency

1. Defending
Climate Science
and Activism
UNDERSTANDING AND COMMUNICATING THE CLIMATE
EMERGENCY

2. From Northern Monkey to Climate Junkie: a
speaker introduction

3. Workshop
• Better understanding and communication of climate
science
• Thinking about climate conversations
• Explaining, promoting and defending XR and climate
activism
• Winning formal debates

4. • Let everybody’s opinions, views and skills be shared
today
• This workshop needs your participation
• Please ask lots of questions (just pop your hand up
first)!
• If it works for you, that’s great
• Let’s be nice to each other
• You don’t need to read every word of every slide
• Let’s keep our contributions succinct and focused on
the topics or exercises I set
• Phones on silent. Snacks and drinks fine
This workshop needs you: share your Wisdom!

5. Part one: Climate
Science

6. A Quick Climate Quiz: let’s see what
you know

7. What are the benefits of a better activist
understanding of climate change?

8. Why Should Activists Understand Climate Science?
To improve understanding of
the problem amongst the
general public, media and
government
To help correct
misinformation that
exists in the public
sphere
It is important that we can
confidently answer and explain
our subject
Understanding science means we
can convey clear messages and
avoid confusing language
nuances
It helps us tell the truth
about the climate crisis
Using clear terms and language
can stop climate denial
arguments before they are raised
Good knowledge of the science
allows us to paint vivid pictures
and create interesting narratives
To give us credibility as activists
and show that we can be trusted
as speakers on the topic
To ensure that our talks, presentations, discussions,
debates are accurate and persuasive

9. A Climate 101: Natural Factors
that Drive Earth’s Climate

10. The Sun and its Cycles
• The sun has very small and subtle effects
on the Earth through an 11 year and 63
year cycle
If the sun was warming the Earth, we would see greater warming during:
days not nights, summers not winters, in the upper atmosphere not the
lower- The opposite currently the case.

11. Ocean Currents
Oceans can move heat to the poles and cause warming. We would see
the lower ocean warm faster than the surface. The opposite currently the
case

12. Volcanic Activity
Volcanoes release only 1% of
the CO2 that humans do. They
are too weak to cause current
warming
Particles from
volcanic eruptions
can cause
temporary cooling

13. Orbit and Axis tilt
variations
(Milankovitch
Cycles)
CO2 levels have been very low in the recent geological period so subtle wobbles in orbit have
driven our climate. If these cycles were still in control the Earth would be going into a period
of cooling not heating.

14. Reflective Cooling of Cloud and Ice Cover
(Albedo Effect)
Light surfaces reflect more of the Sun’s heat. Human warming is melting ice which
then adds to the heating by reflecting less energy back into space
The atmosphere has warmed so there is more moisture and thus more cloud cover,
which has contributed a slight cooling effect

15. How does the Greenhouse Effect Work?

16. The Greenhouse Effect: Keeping the Earth Warm
• Certain gases have the property of trapping heat in our
atmosphere
• Instead of the average global surface temperature
being -18°C, it is a much more ambient 14°C
• Water, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are
all GHGs
The Greenhouse Effect was scientifically
demonstrated and quantified in the 19th
century by John Tyndall and Svante
Arrhenius
What determines GHG potency?
1) Heat absorption (of a single molecule)
2) Duration (in the atmosphere)
3) Quantity (in the atmosphere)
• Water vapour condenses from a GHG into a liquid at
Earthly temperatures, so is limited BY temperature
• Other GHGs must first warm the atmosphere to allow
larger amounts of water to stay as a gas and further
amplify the warming

17. Human-Caused (Anthropogenic) Warming
1. CO2 levels are rapidly building in the atmosphere (we measure it)
2. We know this CO2 is from our fossil fuels (isotopes tell us)
3. The Earth is warming (we’re measuring it)
4. The pattern of warming is exactly what we would expect from GHGs (and not natural
factors- see next slide
• Humans are emitting 40 gigatons of CO2 per year
• CO2 reabsorption is declining (we are destroying carbon sinks and CO2 emissions are
rapidly rising)

19. Key Climate Science Terms
• (Climate, thermal, carbon etc) Forcing:
• Climate sensitivity:
• Amplifier:
• Positive feedback:
• Negative feedback:
• Tipping point:
• Proxy record:
• Albedo:
• Paleoclimate

20. Earth’s climate Since the arrival of
animal life (650 million years ago)

21. Hot House Earth States
For most of the past 650 million years,
the Earth has been free of polar ice and
up to 9°C hotter than today
Higher levels of CO2 from volcanoes
or less photosynthesis trigger these
phases
Life can thrive during these periods, but
needs millions of years to adapt to them
Ice House and Snowball
Earth Events
Number of ice ages: around 7
Ice ages are the result of reduced
CO2 levels and greenhouse effect
due to increased weathering of
rocks and/or photosynthesis
Ice House: Frozen at the poles
Snowball: Frozen to the equator

22. Climate Change and Extinction Events
• The 5 mass extinctions saw temperature rises of 4-7°C over 20,000 to 200,000 year periods
• In each case there was 75-95% global loss of species
• Each time, biodiversity and climatic stability took millions of years to recover
There have been 5 mass extinctions
(which means at least 75% of species die
out)
Extinction event triggers: volcanoes,
asteroids and/or cosmic events
These triggers lead to: spikes in
atmospheric CO2 and tens of millennia of
climate change

23. The Holocene Extinction
In the 700 million year history of complex life on
Earth, the arrival of the “human super-predator”
is unprecedented in terms of climate and
biodiversity and it represents:
Between 1850 and 2150 humans could raise the Earth’s temperature by 5-10°C, resulting in civilisation collapse or
human extinction
• The fastest ever sustained rate of
extinction (200 species a day)
• The fastest ever sustained rise in
atmospheric CO2 levels
• Possibly the fastest ever rise in
temperatures
• The fastest ever rate of ocean
acidification
At current rates the sixth mass
extinction will have occurred by the
end of the century (75% by 2100)

24. How should we talk to people about climate science? What
are your tips?

25. Tips on Discussing Climate Science
• Capture peoples’ imaginations with excitement and passion.
• Be friendly and respectful; avoid combative arguments and telling people they are wrong.
• Minimise statistics, data and jargon
• When a record is broken, is it since: we started measuring with instruments, industrial times, human
civilisation began or since complex life arose on Earth? Be clear to stop confusion or unnecessary
fact challenges
• Talk about trends in climate/weather and record breaking events. Avoid citing single out-of-the-
ordinary weather events as evidence
• Talk about the speed of change over the amount of change (there’s been more CO2 and its been
hotter, but never so fast)
• When refuting a climate denial argument protect ego: “I can see how information X could lead you
to that conclusion…”

26. • Focus your arguments on the scientific consensus of man-made climate change i.e. the Green
house effect, human CO2 emissions, rising CO2 levels, the Earth is warming, current climate change
is CO2 driven
• Climate sceptics often uses facts and statements that are true (but out of context or
misunderstood) so start your response by agreeing. “You’re absolutely right”, “That is a really
interesting point you raise” or “ a great question”
• Avoid “”but no” or “that’s wrong” etc.
• The longer you can use the language of agreement, the longer your counterpart will listen
• Connect the abstracts of science to thinks people understand and use emotion

27. Classic denial science arguments:
1. It’s been hotter and there’s been higher levels of carbon dioxide in the past 4.5 billion years;
2. They grew grapes in Newcastle;
2b. What about the medieval warm period?
2c. There are glaciers that are currently growing
2d. There are glaciers that have retreated in the recent past
3. The Earth is in an Ice age and is due to go into a period of cooling
4. Ice core records for the last 800,000 years show that temperature rises came before the carbon
dioxide rises. Doesn’t this disprove the theory of climate change?
5. It’s natural not humans
6. Scientists use computer models which are inaccurate or speculative
7. Climate change is a scam that scientists are encouraging so they get funding
8. We need CO2 to feed plants so it is good for the earth
9. If water vapour is a greenhouse gas, why are we not worried about?
10. Climate change is just a theory
11. There’s nothing we can do about it
12. The idea that climate change is a serious threat to humans is an exaggeration

28. 1. The Earth has indeed been much hotter with higher levels of carbon dioxide in the past 4.5 billion years and
life can thrive as long it has had millions of years to adapt through evolution. The speed of the changes
being experienced now are unprecedented and it is this speed and the inability of humans and the natural
word to respond that makes our current situation so dangerous
2. All of the changes referenced are local or regional temperatures. What matters is the overall global average
(mean)
3. The Earth is indeed in an ice age and until humans started releasing huge amounts of CO2 at a rapid rate,
we would have expected orbital cycles to take us out into a phase of cooling over the next 50,000 years.
These orbital cycles have now been overridden by the large increase in CO2 emissions. The last time there
was this much CO2 in the atmosphere, the north pole was ice free
4. During the last 2.6 million years, the levels of atmospheric CO2 have been very low and we have been in an
ice age. This has allowed cycles in the Earth’s orbit and tilt to be the primary driver of temperature changes
instead of greenhouse gases. Each time orbital cycles pushed the earth into a warming phase, soils and
melting ice released CO2, which then amplified the warming triggered by the orbital cycles. And this is why
warming has begun prior to CO2 rises during the Quaternary Ice Age.
Responses to These Arguments

29. 5. Solar patterns, ocean currents, orbital (Milankovitch) cycles, cloud cover and albedo effect have all had
their effects measured and can be ruled out conclusively. Aside from rising global temperatures, warming:
poles, nights and winters are characteristic of greenhouse warming. Shrinking thermosphere, cooling
stratosphere and measured spectral characteristics of energy reflecting back into space, are all specifically
characteristic of greenhouse warming
6. Climate models are built from everything we know about the mechanisms that control the Earth’s
climate. They can be tested by running them over periods in the past to see if they accurately match the
records we hold over that time period. The predictions they are making have been broadly accurate and
if anything they have underpredicted the effects of rising CO2 levels
7. Concerns about human emissions have been around since Victorian times, climate science is funded
by a variety of sources all around the world, the science has been done by hundreds of thousands of
scientists from every country in the world, oil companies have more of a motive to distort the evidence,
oil companies themselves privately acknowledged the science as far back as the 1950s, the evidence is
thorough
8. There is plenty of CO2 for plants, just because a substance has positive uses, doesn’t mean that it can’t
have negative properties, we only want to prevent adding extra greenhouse gases to the atmosphere,
not take away that which was already there prior to humans
.

30. 9. Water vapour is a condensable greenhouse gas. The Earth’s temperature poses a limit to how much water
vapour the atmosphere can hold. Only if another factor (such as CO2) drives up temperatures can the amount of
water vapour increase. When that happens it can then contribute to warming. Water vapour on its own cannot
drive temperature change
10. When we say “theory” in an everyday sense we imply an idea or guess. A scientific theory is an idea that can be
and has been tested to be true. Scientific theories underpin much of the modern world and are trusted without
question. When a new means of testing them arises, scientists will do so
11. It is true that a certain amount of warming is on its way due to greenhouse gases already emitted. Scientists
believe humans can reasonably adapt to 1.5 °C. Rises above this threshold will pose a serious threat to our
economies, societies and civilisation. Scientists, economists, many policy makers and social scientists have told us
that we can prevent climate change. The legislation, policy, taxation, funding and technological changes needed
are all clearly understood, beneficial and much cheaper than inaction. Climate change dangerous to human
civilisation will only happen if we choose not to act, rather than in all scenarios
12. Scientists have been careful to give conservative and well evidenced information to policy makers. Their
conclusions are some of the most thoroughly examined investigations that there have ever been. What is in fact
becoming clear is that rather than exaggerate, scientists conclusions have transpired to have significantly
understated/underpredicted Earth’s sensitivity to greenhouse gases and that dangerous climate change is coming
faster and more severely than was previously thought. Work done by scientists and academics have shown that
human civilisation is very sensitive and vulnerable to climatic changes. The more complex the civilisation the more
sensitive it becomes

31. Rank Best Journals for Climate Science Citatio
ns
Papers Citatio
ns
Per
Paper
1 NATURE 22785 229 99.50
2 SCIENCE 21791 244 89.31
3 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL 12002 708 16.95
4 J CLIMATE 11717 522 22.45
5 GEOPHYS RES LETT 10509 713 14.74
6 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS 9792 456 21.47
7 CLIMATIC CHANGE 8423 699 12.05
8 P NATL ACAD SCI USA 7484 293 25.54
9 CLIM DYNAM 5761 297 19.40
10 QUATERNARY SCI REV 5470 293 18.67
11 ECOL APPL 4252 150 28.35
12 ECOLOGY 4041 182 22.20
13 INT J CLIMATOL 3632 283 12.83
14 EARTH PLANET SC LETT 3503 192 18.24
15 ECOL MODEL 3482 219 15.90
16 GEOLOGY 3435 178 19.30
17 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL 3237 289 11.20
18 PALEOCEANOGRAPHY 3068 145 21.16
19 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY 2988 148 20.19
20 OECOLOGIA 2909 153 19.01
Best sources for Information
on Climate Change
• BBC, The Guardian and The
Independent
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
• National Snow and Ice Data Centre
(NSIDC)
• National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
• British Meteorological Office
• Japanese Meteorological Office
• Wikipedia (for good Earth science
understanding)
• Skepticalscience.com (great online blog
for myth busting)

32. Talking with People About Climate Change

33. Who might we be talking to about the Climate Crisis (Think
situations, relationship etc)? What are the challenges and
benefits of these different settings?

34. Reasons/arguments for not acting on climate change
There’s
nothing I can
do about it
It’s not happening
It’s natural
or beyond
our control
It’s already too
late
Climate
change is a
scam
Don’t want to give up
lifestyle or technology
Not
interested
Too stressed,
poor or busy
China
aren’t
doing
anything
Discuss in Groups

35. Exercise: the Polar Bear Problem
The imagery of environmentalism has been so long focused on pictures of sad
animals that it has been attacked for over sentimentality and failure to connect to
the human catastrophe of the climate crisis
In groups make a list of:
1. the issues that people
prioritise in their day to day
lives?
2. Things that make up a
person’s identitiy
How will climate change impact
on these things?

36. What factors
make a good
conversation?
What factors
make a bad
conversation?
In pairs, share a
climate
conversation that
went well and
then one that did
not go so well

37. • Did you both listen to each other’s points? (ensure that you listen to the other person)
• Was it a good time for you both to talk?
• Did you use positive or negative language
• Were either of you feeling tired, ill, hungry, sad, stressed, rushed, angry?
• Was there a positive outcome?
• Did you connect/bond with the other person?
• Did you lean towards agreement or disagreement
• Did you learn about each other?
• Did one person talk a lot more than the other?
• Did both people get to express their views and opinions?
• Did both parties get something out of the discussion?
• How did you feel at the end of a conversation?
• Did the conversation result in positive change?

38. A bad time to talk: Reasons why we might not start a climate
conversation

39. • Are you feeling, happy, confident, physically well and refreshed?
• Is the person in a rush or angry? (annoying somebody won’t usually encourage you to take on
board what you are saying)
• Is a person tired or unwell?
• Is it a good time of day (too early in the morning or late at night)?
• Is this a person you feel able to connect with effectively (think gender, social, cultural issues etc)?
• How important is it to talk to this particular person? Are you choosing the right battle?
• Is there a difficult relationship or bad history between you and this person. Are you the right person
to talk to this person?
• Do you feel safe?
• Is the setting or environment right to have this conversation?
• A poorly timed or conducted conversation might do more harm than good to the climate cause

40. What tips can help
us to have an
effective climate
conversation?

41. • Who is the person you are talking to? What matters to them? Show interest in them and learn about
them
• What do you have in common where can you connect as people and on the subject of the Climate
Crisis
• Listen to a person’s opinions. What do they think about the Climate Change or anything for that
matter?
• Don’t force the conversation straight to the climate crisis. Find out how the person’s day is and what
they are up to?
• Don’t attack, judge or blame. Start with what the person is doing right. Put emphasis on where you
agree
• Smile, share humour, compliment, focus on making sure that person is enjoying your interaction
• Mirror body language and tone of voice, but be mindful of body language, personal space and eye
contact

42. • Be humble, peaceful and apologetic as required, especially if your are disrupting somebody’s life
• Use “I” statements, share emotion and speak from the heart
• As a protester of activist, just having a positive interaction is good. Later on they will remember a positive
image to counter any media or public criticism

43. The Bottom Line:
As activists we need to
create positive
experience for
individuals we interact
with through listening,
empathy and our
constructive behaviour

44. • Avoid Blaming
• Holocracy
• Post consensus
• Non-violence
• Civil disobedience
• Sacrifice
• We only need 3.5%
In your groups can
you make one or two
points, views,
justifications or
scenarios that relate to
having climate
conversations and one
of these key concepts
and approaches

45. Defending Climate
activism: Unravelling
the Myths of the
Critics

46. Climate Activists are Alarmist

47. Meaning: The risk and danger of climate change has been have been exaggerated
for financial or other gain of as a sort of conspiracy theory
Responses:
• The scientists clear: this is the biggest threat to face our species this century
• This isn’t a crank theory, least 97% of scientists agree
• Yes I’m alarmed and for good reason
• If anything, scientific reports have chronically understated the problem. Current
climate change is decades in front of what the most pessimistic projections were
predicting
• Alarmism is a concept that spread to to try and attack the climate movement by
weaponizing the truth and turning it back on them
• We have a duty and need to tell the truth even if it is hard to hear

48. Imagine in World War Two if:
“Prime Minister Churchill! The Nazis are
planning to start a war in Europe!”
“Come on now. Don’t be so alarmist.”

49. Doom mongering makes people feel powerless
and scaring people doesn’t work!
• We’re not doomed, we just need to act
• There is nothing inevitable about the Climate Crisis
• We have to tell the truth and this is very serious
• People do respond positively and quickly to serious
emergency situations
• Fear and anxiety are powerful human emotions that
evolved to motivate us into action
• Shocking and scary images and information has been
used in all kinds of public information campaigns
• “Doom Monger” is a way of turning the truth into a
criticism, paralysing an effective strategy
• Extinction Rebellion has proved that stark messaging
is very effective
• Don’t stop scaring people, remove the reason for
them to be scared

50. Imagine in World War Two if:
“Prime Minister Churchill! The Nazis will take
over our country if we don’t do something!”
“Come on now. Stop scaring people.”

51. Going low carbon will damage our economy
The cost of climate inaction will
be greater than any other
economic cost humans have
ever incurred
No cost is too great
when the lives and
wellbeing of billions
of people and our
future civilisation are
at risk
The transition to a
low carbon
economy will
create many
millions of jobs
and generate
trillions of dollars
in savings in
health and security
It is wrong to pay
for our prosperity
with the lives of
our children and
future civilisation
There is no
economic
argument for
inaction or
acting too
slowly
There are no jobs on a
dead planet

52. Imagine in World War Two if:
“Prime Minister Churchill! The Nazis will take
over our country if we don’t do something!”
“I’m sorry but a war economy will cost too
many jobs.”

53. The climate movement is white and middle class
• It is appalling that austerity, poverty and zero hours contracts have left so many people
on the breadline that they have not the time or resources to explore or express their
views about the future of their planet
• Many minority groups still don’t feel safe to protest as they are still treated differently o
perceive so, by the police
• As a person of privilege, I am going to protest on behalf of those who are unable to or
feel unsafe to do so

54. Climate protesters tactics are causing
disruption to peoples’ lives

55. • The disruption caused by climate change will be millions of times greater. Billions will die, Billions more
will be displaced or impoverished
• It is tragic that 31 years (1988) after scientists warned the world of the threat that human greenhouse
gas emissions posed to our civilisation and the natural world, and after letters, petitions, marches and
lobbying, that successive governments has allowed us to come to the final threshold of the point of
dangerous climate change and failed to act. It is therefore tragic that frightened and concerned law
abiding citizens have been forced to use peaceful civil disobedience in order to safeguard the future
wellbeing of their children.
• The tactic of civil disobedience has been used many times to bring about
positive change
• In Britain there has always been an acceptance that doctors, nurses and
teachers can go on strike and cause economic disruption and even
personal suffering to secure better working conditions or pay

56. Climate activists are radicals, extremeists
and Anarchists
Extinction rebellion are extremists, radicals and
anarchists
XR protesters are
peace
organisation
assembled of
people from all
ages and all social
spectrum most of
who have never
had any dealings
with the law
Peaceful civil
disobedience is
legitimate tactic
used by many
groups who have
been
remembered
kindly and
vindicated by the
history books
The most extremist behaviour on this planet right now comes from the rich minority who
are putting the lives and wellbeing of billions and the future of our civilisation at risk, just
so they can get rich

57. In the face of the death of billions, the displacement of billions, social
and economic global collapse and the loss of most of the species on
Earth, driven by greed and consumption of a small minority, what could
be more understated than a pink boat and a few thousand protesters in
one city for a week

58. What about China? They are much
worse than us
• We live in the UK we must focus on our emissions
• The UK’s historical emissions and emissions per capita (when
offshore emissions are included) are both higher than Chinas
• A third of Chinese emissions are from the production of goods
consumed in other countries
• It is a good thing that in the UK we have the freedom protest
without fear of repression about an issue of such magnitude

59. But humans are so insignificant. How
Arrogant to believe we could change the
world so much!

60. The HIV Needle Experiment…
So Climate sceptics tell us we are so arrogant for
believing that something as small an insignificant could
have such a big affect on something as vast as Earth.
Let’s just see whether they really do believe that logic…
The difference in scale between a virus and a human is
greater than that between a human and the Earth. How
would you feel with this little needle of teeny tiny HIV
viruses?

61. The Shotgun Experiment…
Some people use the following statement to justify
inaction: “I don’t care what happens to humans. Just as
long as the Earth survives.” Let’s test how much they
really believe this opinion
What would happen if you put a loaded shotgun to their
head?

62. The shackles of soft denial: how arguments from the
right have been forced upon the climate movement
• People are turned off by doom/alarm/danger
• People feel powerless and feel unable to act
• Everybody knows climate change is a problem
• People can’t connect to problems that are distant
• The climate movement is too negative and problem focused
By repeating these arguments of those who have ideological and financial interest in
the hydrocarbon industry, we are doing their work for them!
The more these things are repeated, the more we make them true
The truth has been turned into a weapon used to attack the climate movement

63. People can’t connect to things that
are distant to them

64. We don’t have to be popular
We just have to win
Civil disobedience does not always breed popularity. In the US, the civil rights movement was vilified
by many people and only history vindicated the many who languished in jails. Scientific truth is on the
side of Extinction Rebellion. Be brave and keep going.

65. Tackling formal debates on climate change
There may be times where you will be called to formally debate or argue your
position on the climate crisis either in an interview, in court, in a university or
conference. How do you approach such a situation?

66. Rule number one: know your shit.
Stay in control of your emotions
If you don’t know, say so

67. Exercise: arguing against human-caused climate change
Being able to express your views with confidence and clarity is critically
important so in groups Prepare convincing arguments to advocate one of the
positions below. Use any information you have read or heard and be persuasive
and confident to convince us of your position. Use your phones to do some
research.
1. The Earth isn’t warming
2. The current warming is part of a natural cycle
3. There are too many uncertainties in the science to
say humans are causing the warming
4. Climate change science is being skewed by
scientists who want to get funding
5. The climate movement is alarmist misrepresenting
the science

68. Argument Tactics and Strategies
• Start a counter argument by agreeing with a part of what the other person has just said
• Acknowledge a good point or argument before breaking it down or re-contextualising it
• Adopt their language and terminology and use it to form your counter arguments
• Own critiques of your arguments/position and turn them around- bring them up first
• Find common ground and point it out where possible
• Make somebody feel good about themselves, feed their ego
• Build your counter arguments from the things they said and premises they use
• Mirror their body language and tone

69. • Avoid anger or aggression and point out that use of personal language or anger is the sign is a
sign of a weak argument- If an argument is valid it will be so with reason only
• If your opponent gets angry or aggressive, wind down the conversation or diffuse before
continuing the discussion
• “Know thine enemy”-research the arguments against your position well
• Practice arguing against your own position
• Show/indicate to the other person that you appreciate the discussion, conversation or discourse
• Get the other person to agree to individual premises of your argument before presenting it in full
• Disguise the final point to are planning to make in a given statement
• Ask lots of clarifying questions

70. The Sandpile Model
One tree per person, per day, for one
year = 2,701,000,000,000
A conversation with my nephew Benjamin and
taking my niece Chloe to school
The miracle of our existence
Four reasons why
I believe I CAN,
WILL and HAVE
to save our world
Saddleworth Moor

71. THANK YOU FOR COMING
TODAY
Before you leave, could you turn to the person next to you and spend one
minute each, sharing one or two things you have gained today, that might
be useful to you as an activist
Get Ready for London!

72. We Can Make Change Happen