this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.

1. An Experimental Investigation on Performance
and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel
blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine
GUIDED BY
Prof K D Panchal
Dr A S Shah PREPARED BY
Tarun B Patel
140190739009
ME Energy
Engineering
GEC Valsad

2. Contents
• INTRODUCTION
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• OBSERVATIONS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
• RESEARCH GAP
• PROBLEM DEFINITION
• OBJECTIVE
• METHODOLOGY
• WTO
• DEGRATIONS OF WTO
• GROUP COMPOUNDS OF WTO BY FTIR
• PROPERTIES OF WTO
• MATERIAL AND METHODS
• ADDITIVES USED
• PROPERTIES OF BLENDS
• EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
• RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
• CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
• PAPER PUBLISHED
• REFERENCES
2

3. Introduction
• Increase Of Automobiles.
• Increase of pollutants such as CO, HC, NOx, PM etc.
• Limited resources of fossil fuels.
• Alternative fuel
• BIO-DIESEL, ETHANOL, METHANOL, HYDROGEN,
NATURAL GAS, VEGETABLE OIL etc.
• NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS.
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• Air Quality
• Depletion Of Fossil Fuels
• National Security
3

4. 10
Research paper
Title
Md Nurun Nabi, Md Shamim Akhter, Md Atiqur Rahman,
“Waste trans- former oil as an alternative fuel for diesel
engine", Procedia Engineering, 56 (2013), 401-406.
Engine
specifications
water cooled, single cylinder, 4- stroke, 4.476 kW, 1800
rpm DI diesel engine.
Conclusions
• WTO used as an alternative fuel.
• viscosity of oil 10.1cSt which was higher than diesel,
Calorific value was 6% lower than diesel, flash fire
points were 1400C and 1450C and cetane number was
42.
• BTE for WT10, WT15, and WT20 were found 21.37%,
21.8%, 21.8% where diesel was 19.2%.
• BSFC found higher due to high heating value.
• EGT were higher due to more resistance time and
higher viscosity.

5. 11
Research paper
Title
Pritinika Behera, S.Murugan, “Combustion, performance
and emission parameters of used transformer oil and its
diesel blends in a DI diesel engine”, Fuel, 104 (2013), 147-
154.
Engine
specifications
single cylinder, 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm, four stroke, air cooled,
DI diesel engine
Conclusions
• UTO10 to UTO 60 blend
• The ignition delay for the UTO and its diesel blends is
shorter by about 1–3 0CA compared to that of diesel in
the entire range of operation.
• The HC and CO emissions for the UTO and its diesel
blends are marginally higher than those of diesel
operation at full load.
• The NOx emission is higher for the UTO–diesel blends
than diesel at full load.
• EGT were higher due to more resistance time and
higher viscosity.

6. 12
Research paper
Title
Pritinika Behera, S.Murugan,G. Nagarajan “Dual fuel
operation of used transformer oil with acetylene in a DI
diesel engine”,Energy Conversion and Management, 87
(2014), 840-847.
Engine
specifications
single cylinder, 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm, four stroke, air cooled,
direct injection diesel engine
Conclusions
• Acetylene was inducted as a primary fuel at flow rates
132 g/h, 198 g/h, 264 g/h and 330 g/h along with the air
By the induction of acetylene,
• The thermal efficiency increases compared to that of
diesel and the UTO operation.
• The UTO results in a higher exhaust temperature
compared to that of diesel at maximum brake power. It
is reduced in the dual fuel mode by about 23.7% for the
UTO at maximum brake.
• NOx emission for UTO with acetylene operation is lower
by about 10% than that of diesel-acetylene operation

7. 13
Research paper
Title
S. Prasanna Raj Yadav, C.G. Saravanan, M. Kannan,
“Influence of injection timing on DI diesel engine
characteristics fueled with waste transformer oil”,
Alexandria Engineering Journal, (2015).
Engine
specifications
Kirloskar TV-I, single cylinder, DI,four stroke, 5.2 kw@1500
constant speed, water cooled ,diesel engine
Conclusions
• The injection timing is retarded from 230 bTDC to 200
bTDC for TWTO.
• FTIR analysis of trans-esterified waste transformer oil
showed that it has the characteristics similar to that of
conventional diesel fuel.
• Improvements in BTH and BSFC with retarded injection.
• Exhaust emissions reduced with TWTO operating with
the retarded injection timing, At maximum load
conditions, it reduces CO (carbon monoxide), NOx, HC
(hydrocarbon) emission by 17.24%, 11.57%, and 10%
respectively.

8. 14
Research paper
Title
K. Varatharajan, M. Cheralathan, R. Velraj c, “Mitigation of
NOx emissions from a jatropha biodiesel fuelled DI diesel
engine using antioxidant additives”, Fuel, 90 (2011), 2721–
2725.
Engine
specifications
single cylinder, 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm, four stroke, air cooled,
direct injection diesel engine
Conclusions
• The antioxidant additives L-ascorbic acid, a tocopherol
acetate, butylated hydroxytoluene, p-phenylenediamine
and ethylenediamine were tested
• The emissions from the engines were studied at
different antioxidant mixtures (0.005, 0.015, 0.025, 0.035,
0.05%-m) with a engine speed of 1500 rpm.
• p-phenylenediamine showed the best emission
performance. optimum NOx reduction at a level of
0.025%-m.
• NOx reduction percent relative to neat biodiesel are
43.55, 32.73, 17.84, 14.51 and 5.86 respectively at
0.025%-m concentration.

9. 15
Research paper
Title
J. Devaraj, Y. Robinson, P. Ganapathi, “Experimental
investigation of performance, emission and combustion
characteristics of waste plastic pyrolysis oil blended with
diethyl ether used as fuel for diesel engine”, Energy xxx
(2015), 1–6.
Engine
specifications
Single Cylinder, water cooled, 4 stroke diesel engine, 3.7
kW, 1500 rpm.
Conclusions
• The WPPO (waste plastic pyrolysis oil) mixed with 5%
and 10% DEE (diethyl ether) were used as fuels.
• The BTh E increased when compared to pure plastic
pyrolysis oil and diesel.
• The pollutants such as CO (carbon monoxide) and NOx
(nitrous oxide) were reduced in the blend.
• addition of oxygenates had improved the combustion
process and reduced the emissions.
• blending of DEE with plastic oil increases the Cetane
rating which is superior to neat diesel.

10. Observations of Literature reviewed
• Biodiesel use as an alternative fuel in Diesel engine.
• Jatropha, Mahua seed, Coconut oil, Fish oil, Marine
Algae etc.
• Waste oil such as Waste cooking oil, Waste lubricating
oil, Waste plastic oil and Waste transformer oil shows
the promising new alternative feedstock to run diesel
engine.
• Blending ranges 10 to 20 % showed approximately same
performance as diesel fuel.
• Fuel Properties play vital role on the performance and
emission parameters of a diesel engine.
16

11. Conti…
• FTIR identify the basic groups compositional to
examine suitability as a diesel engine fuel.
• Diesel engine shows better results without any engine
modification using biodiesel blends and with additives.
• The properties and group compound of WTO found
comparable & Emission results showed the poor.
• Fuels additives have become essential tool to improve
the performance & produce lower emissions.
17

12. Research Gap
• Little work in the area of Waste Oil as an alternative fuel
in Diesel engines.
• Higher exhaust gas emission compare to Diesel fuel.
• With the Additives the performance and emission
parameters can shows the better results.
• This area of investigation requires further work in
order to effective utilisation of WTO.
18

13. Problem Definition
• From the literature reviewed WTO can be used as a
replacement of Diesel in Diesel engine.
• Performance of engine with WTO is lesser compared
to other alternative fuels and emission characteristics
were also poor.
• But as performance and emission varies with the use of
different Additives with different concentration.
19

14. Conti…
• Use of WTO reduces the waste and it can be proved as
a better alternative fuel with availability which also helps
in keeping environment pollution free.
• To achieve this objective, work will be carried out to “An
Experimental Investigation on the Performance and
Emission Parameters using WTO-Diesel blend with
Additives in a Diesel Engine.”
20

15. Objectives
• The main objective of this study is improve the fuel
characteristics of WTO blend by adding additives.
• Study of WTO as a replacement of Diesel in CI engine.
• To identify the chemical compounds present in the WTO
by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).
• To Study properties of
• WTO & compare with Diesel.
• WTO blend with Diesel.
• To analyse properties WTO - Diesel blends with
Additives.
21

16. Conti…
• To develop experimental set up for the analysis of
performance and emissions of WTO.
• To study the performance and emission parameters of
diesel engine run with
• Diesel As A Reference Data On Test.
• WTO - Diesel Blend.
• WTO - Diesel Blend With Additives.
• To study economic aspect of fuel cost by replacement of
Diesel with WTO, this is waste product.
22

17. Methodology
To identify best concentration of fuel blend based on the performance and emission
parameters.
Observing the effect of different concentration of Additives with using WTO-Diesel blends
and comparing the results with the previous ones.
Taking “WTO” into consideration as an alternative fuel for Single cylinder diesel engine to measure,
calculate and compare the same parameters, which were carried out during diesel fuel experiments.
Measurement and calculations of different parameters and emissions using diesel fuel as the
first step at different loading conditions.( IS 10000 part IV)
The Experimental setup towards the stated objective and for that Single cylinder diesel
engine (3.7 kW, 1500 rpm, water cooled, Electrical dynamometer) is used.
Check and Analyse the properties of WTO-Diesel with Additives.
Selections of Additives and its concentrations for WTO-Diesel blends.
Identifications of Group compound of WTO by FTIR and compare with the group
compound of Diesel.
The methodology initiates with Analyse properties of WTO and Diesel.
23

18. WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)
Pure Transformer oil Waste transformer Oil
24

19. Group Compound of WTO (FTIR)
26

20. Conti…
27

21. Properties of WTO
Sr no Properties WTO Diesel
1 Gross Calorific Value (cal/gm) 11357.05 13054.38
2 Specific Gravity 0.862 0.825
3 Density (kg/m3) 862 825
4 Viscosity (Cp) 20.0@24.50C 6.99@25.80C
29

22. Material and Methods
Fuel Blend name Blend Ratio
Diesel WT10 90%Diesel+10%WTO
Waste Transformer Oil
(WTO)
WT10+200ppm
PPDA
90%Diesel+10%WTO+200ppm PPDA
p-phenylenediamine
(PPDA)
WT10+500ppm
PPDA
90%Diesel+10%WTO+500ppm PPDA
Diethyl ether
(DE)
WT10DE05 85%Diesel+10%WTO+5%Diethyl ether
WT10DE10 80%Diesel+10%WTO+10%Diethyl ether
30

23. Additives used
DIETHYL ETHER P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE
31

24. Properties of Various Blends
32
Sample no
WT1
0
WT10+200
ppm PPDA
WT10+500
ppm PPDA
WT10DE0
5
WT10DE10
Calorific value
(MJ/kg)
43.62 43.46 43.52 43.42 43.38
Kinematic
Viscosity at
400C(mm2/s)
3.42 3.76 4.02 3.31 3.27
Density (kg/m3) 835.2 841 847.3 834 831
Cetane index 47.5 46 47.2 52 58

25. Experimental Setup
33

26. Actual photograph of set up
34

27. Components of Experimental Set up
• Diesel engine
• Fuel Consumption Measurement
• Air Flow measurement
• Exhaust Gas Analyzer
• Temperature Measurement
• Engine Speed Measurement
• Electrical Dynamometer
35

28. Diesel engine
Engine name Kirlosker
Engine no. 10.1012/1100662
Cylinder number 1
RPM 1500
BHP 5
KW 3.7
Fuel injection system Direct Injection
Bore X stroke 80mm X 110mm
Displacement 550 cc
Specific fuel consumptions 245 g/kWh
Compression ratio 16.5:1
Dynamometer Electrical AC Generator
Cooling Water
36

29. Fuel Consumption measurement
37
Burrete

30. Air Flow Measurement
38
U tube
manometer
Air
manifoild
Orifice
(0.017m dia)

31. Exhaust Gas Analyzer
39
Specifications of Five gas analyser
Gases Measured O2, CO2, CO, NOx, HC
Principle Non dispersive Infrared for CO, CO2 and
HC,electrochemical sensor for O2 and NO
Range CO - 0 to 15%, O2 - 0 to 25%, CO2 - 0-20%
, NOx - 0 to 5000 ppm, HC - 0 to 30000 ppm
(Propane) & 0 to 15000 ppm (Hexene)
Accuracy CO - ±0.06 % Vol, CO2 - ±0.5 % Vol, O2 -
±0.1 % Vol, HC - ± 12 ppm Vol.
Sample Handling
System
S.S. probe, PU tubing with easily detachable
connector, water separator cum filter,
disposable fine filter.
Dimensions (w*h*l) 340*130*240 mm

32. Temperature Measurement
• Resistance temperature detector (RTD) is used for
sensing the low temperatures (Range: 0-2000C).
• The high temperature of the exhaust gas is sensing by K-
type thermocouple (Range: 0-15000C).
40

33. Engine Speed Measurement
• The proximity sensor is mounted below the engine
coupling for measuring the speed.
• The sensor is connected to the control panel system.
• Speed will be displayed on the screen
(Range: 1-9999 RPM).
41

34. Electrical Dynamometer
42
Specifications of Electrical
Dynamometer
TYPE A C Generator
OUTPUT 7.5 KVA
VOLTS 230
Ph 1
AMPS 32.6
FREQ 50 Hz
rpm 1500
PF 1 Electrical Dynamometer

35. Control Panel
43
Temperatures
Engine speed Voltage
Current
Load knob

36. Parameters to study
Performance Parameters Emission Parameters
Brake Power Carbon dioxide
Brake Thermal Efficiency Carbon monoxide
Specific Fuel Consumption Oxygen
Exhaust Gas Temperature Nitrogen oxides
Volumetric efficiency Hydrocarbon
44

37. 45

38. 46

39. 47

40. 50

41. 52

42. 53

43. 55

44. Conclusion
• WTO can be used as alternative fuel. The diesel engine run with the WT10 blend
with additives without any modification.
• BSFC and BTE of the Diesel engine is improved when it is fuelled with WTO-
Diesel blend with DE additives.
• EGT for the WT10 its blend with PPDA additive and WT10DE05 is higher than
Diesel fuel. WT10DE10 shows the lower EGT than Diesel for all load.
• CO & HC emissions found higher for PPDA blends then Diesel and WT10.
• At higher load WT10DE10 shows reduction of CO than Diesel and WT10. DE
additives reduce HC emission than WT10.
• Both additives found lower NOx emission than WT10. WT10DE10 found highest
reduction than other fuel. At full load condition it reduce 12.98% NOx than WT10
and 9% than Diesel. 500ppmPPDA reduce more NOx than 200ppmPPDA.
• WT10DE10 has been selected as optimum blend from its performance and
emissions result and Economical analysis.
56

45. Future Scope
• Catalytic cracking process will employ to enhance the properties of WTO. So,
higher percentage of WTO can be utilised.
• Different types of additives can be use to improve performance and reduce
emissions.
• Change in Injection pressure and Injection timing can be studied for different
WTO-Diesel blend.
• Trans-esterified waste transformer oil can be use with different additives.
• Experimental work can be done on Combustions characteristics for different
blends.
57

46. Paper Published
[1].Tarun B Patel, Prof K D Panchal, Dr A S Shah, “A Technical Review Paper
on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends With Additives in a
Diesel Engine”, International Journal for Scientific Research and
Development, Volume 3, Issue 10, Dec 2015.
[2].Tarun B Patel, Prof K D Panchal, Dr A S Shah, “Characterisation of WTO
(Waste Transformer Oil) & Diesel by Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy & Effect of Additives on Properties of WTO-Diesel Blends.”,
International Journal for Scientific Research and Development, Volume 3, Issue
11, January 2016.
[3].Tarun B Patel, Prof K D Panchal, Dr A S Shah, “An Experimental
Investigation on the Performance Parameters using WTO-Diesel blends
with Additives in a Diesel Engine.”, International Journal of Advance
Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, Volume 2, Issue 3, 2016.
58

47. References
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engine using waste plastic oil”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 29 (2009), 2738–2744.
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diesel engine”, Procedia Engineering, 56 (2013), 401 – 406.
[12].Pritinika Behera, S.Murugan “Combustion, performance and emission parameters of used transformer oil
and its diesel blends in a DI diesel engine”, Fuel, 104 (2013), 147–154.
[13].S. Prasanna Raj Yadav, C.G. Saravanan, M. Kannan “Influence of injection timing on DI diesel engine
characteristics fueled with waste transformer oil”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, (2015)
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using biodiesel”, Fuel, 125 (2014), 44–49.
[18].K. Varatharajan, M. Cheralathan, R. Velraj c, “Mitigation of NOx emissions from a jatropha biodiesel fuelled DI diesel engine using
antioxidant additives”, Fuel, 90 (2011), 2721–2725.
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[20].J. Devaraj, Y. Robinson, P. Ganapathi, “Experimental investigation of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of
waste plastic pyrolysis oil blended with diethyl ether used as fuel for diesel engine”, Energy xxx (2015), 1-6.
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[I].Report on “Energy Statistics in INDIA – 2015”
http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/Energy_stats_2015_26mar15.pdf
[II].A Guide To “Transformer Oil Analysis”
http://stacs.co.za/Transformer_Oil_Analysis.pdf
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[i]S.S. Thipse, Alternative Fuels Concepts, Technologies and Developments, 2nd Edition, Jaico Publishing House, India, 2011.
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Conti…
61

50. •THANK YOU
62