History of graphic_design_midterm_review_fall_2011_update
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History of graphic_design_midterm_review_fall_2011_update
- 1. History of Graphic Design Midterm Review
- 2. Historical Background of Design Vitruvius names a guiding principle that has found its place in design history: “all buildings must satisfy three criteria: strength (firmitas), functionality (utilitas), and beauty (venustas)” (Bürdek 1997) Leonardo – designer as inventor – science and engineering based Disegno - the artistic idea/the creative spark inspiration Interno – plan the draft Esterno - the work of art Disegno as the father of the ‘arts’ - painting sculpture architecture ( hierarchy) In 1588 Oxford Dictionary a plan or scheme devised by a person for something that is to be realized, a first graphic draft of a work of art, -an object of the applied arts, which is to be binding for the execution of a work
- 12. Phaistos Disk,, 2nd half 16th century BC - 1st half of the 11th century Crete, Greece Clay
- 13. Papyrus of Hunefer Book of the Dead, Anubis introducing Hunefer to weighing of his heart. 1300 BC, Egyptian
- 14. Caves of Lascaux, Hall of Bulls, painting, prehistoric, France
- 15. Incarnation Initial, Chi Rho Book of Kells Illuminated Manuscript, Celtic 1 st decade 9 th Century
- 16. Gospel of St. Mark Illuminated manuscript Book of Durrow c.680
- 17. Lindisfarne Gospels Carpet Page Celtic 698-700
- 18. Ormesby Psalter Illuminated Manuscript English, late Gothic 13 th Century English
- 19. Coronation Gospels St. Mark’s Gospel Aachen 800 AD Carolignian
- 20. Psalter in Latin Fust and Schoeffer 1457 German, Gothic Earliest example of color printing in Europe
- 21. Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Beatus of Fernando and Sancha, 1047 Moorish Spain
- 22. Les Tres Riches heures du duc de Berry Illuminated Manuscript January page Limbourg Bros 1413-1416 France Gothic
- 23. Jack of Diamonds woodblock playing card 1400
- 24. Ex Libris, for Johannes Knabensberg, c 1450, woodblock ‘ Hans Igler that the hedgehog may kiss you’
- 25. Gutenberg Bible, 1450-55, Johan Gutenberg, Mainz, Germany
- 26. Nuremberg Chronicle , 1493 Anton Koberger , Printer, George Alt , Calligrapher
- 27. Travels in Mt. Syon , 1486, Bernardus de Breidenbach ( Erhard Reuwich, illustrator)
- 28. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , Albrecht Durer, 1498
- 29. Jenson-Eusebius Typeface, 1470, Nicolas Jenson, Evangelica Praeparatio
- 30. Schwabacher typeface, 1522 New Testament Martin Luther Woodcuts of the Apocalypse, Hans Cranach broken curves oblique strokes – retaining the Calligrapher’s curve
- 31. A course in the art of measurement with compass and ruler 1525 , Albrecht Durer
- 32. Octavo Aldus Manutius Early 16 th ce Venice Renaissance 1400 – early 1600s ( 15 th – early 17 th century)
- 35. Germany Unger -Fraktur 1793 Johann Friedrich Unger
- 36. 1725 Wm Caslon – London type foundry over 200 types based upon Caslon which had Dutch roots solid functionality easy to read Transitional Roman
- 37. 18 th century Robert Clee Trade Card for liquor dealer Copperplate engraved MMA
- 38. Steam Engine, James Watt, 1744
- 39. Slab Serif , Egyptian Typeface ( six line pica), 1821, William Thorowgood
- 40. The Siege of Troy Astley’s Circus, Anonymous 1833 Letterpress and Woodcut
Notas do Editor
- Cards – game of kings From ivory slats and silver plate to coarse paper Socializing – symbol recognition/sequencing/ logical deduction hearts - clergy spades - (spada) sword nobility club – leaf - peasant diamonds - burghers /merchant citizen
- Ownership by individuals – use of humor, not solely religious Illustration/text A shift in their cultural role Manuscript to book Clergy to lay person
- Combined the complex system and subsystems to print a typographic book BIBLE 11.75 X 15 INCH two columns ¾ inch margin between ( lpcol lines per column inch) 1-9 40 lpcol 10 41lpcol 42 lpcol 2 – 4 presses space for decorative initials 210 copies /180 on paper/ 30 on fine vellum / 5000 calfskins investor loan scandal – locked out of printshop on the eve of completion Peter Schoeffer – designer illuminator & Fust the investor took over ( he was the inspiration for Goethe’s Dr. Faustus) Debatable in history who was first but it came down to Gutenberg johan Gutenberg 1450 / Laurens Janzoon Coster 1444-1450 - Dutch
- 1,809 woodcut illustrations Masterpiece 18 x 12 pages Title page - full calligraphy woodblock Nuremburg Anton Koberger 1440-1513 100 craftsmen - 24 presses 200 editions/15 bibles 16 shops and agents 1490 smaller books he still did large version with illustration George Alt – did the calligraphy Michael wolgemuth & Sons created exemplar - hand made model layouts and manuscript texts used as guides for the woodcut illustrations, typesetting, page design, and makeup of books create exemplar. Draw the illustrations, , typesetting, page design, makeup of books)
- Albrecht Durer( 1471 – 1528) Apprenticed with Wogelmuth, godson of Korberger ( individual /artistic interpretation of the supernatural) went to Venice age 23 for 6 mos age 31 returned for 1.5 yrs painting theory and technique studied humanist philosophy recognized Germans lacked the theoretical knowledge
- Jenson-Eusubius Venetian, humanist gothic calligraphic & classical styling light open roman letters – popular today
- Schwabacher 1480/1522 Martin Luther – rejection of the Roman style 1514 Fraktur by Anton Schonsperger ( fraktur also includes anything after 1450) broken curves an oblique strokes - retaining the calligraphers curve roman and fraktureboth were used side by side - ---- religion govt and culture
- germans lacked the theoretical knowledge A course in the art of measurement with compass and ruler 1525 Chapters: 1 st theoretical discussion of linear geometry/ 2 nd 2 d geometric construction 3 rd - application of geo to arch, decora, engineering, letterforms square as a base 4 th construction of geometric solids, linear perspective and mechanical aids to drawing USING THE SQUARE AS A FORM
- Italic types as a cursive used less space- more words per page Italics with roman capitals
- Louis XIV The Sun King gave an edict for a royal typeface de Fouchy created a system to standardize the lettering creating the Roman du Roi ( The King’s Roman Type)
- science and its rules give you control over change/changing society
- Unger-Fraktur 1793 Johann Friedrich Unger dilemma - How to repopularize and inject geometric clarity of roman Moderns into german type a variant of fraktur printers were working with both and wanted something to bridge it
- agri- industrial steam engine factory system – division of labor capitalist replaced landowner mass production workers & social problems from humanist to material more education graphic communication system became more specialized design and production components photography lithography from type to abstract visual forms letterpress to lithographers more creative fewer limitations letter press went to typefounders to be more creative
- Slab serif - overemphasized the serif rather than eliminating it name only from the phenomena of Napoleon and Egypt and weighty and grounded
- Job printers operate the industrial machinery Anonymous The Siege of Troy , Astley’s Circus, 1833 Letterpress and Woodcut