4. Introduction
• Origin:- North East of Africa
• Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal
crop .
• It is grown on 42 m ha in 98 countries of
Africa, Asia, Oceania, Nigeria, India, USA,
Mexico, Sudan, China and Argentina are the
major producers .
5. Nutrition
• Sorghum grain contains 11.3% protein, 3.3%
fat and 56– 73% starch.
• It is relatively rich in iron, zinc, phosphorus
and B-complex vitamins.
• Tannins, found particularly in red grained
types, contain antioxidants that protect
against cell damage, a major cause of diseases
and aging.
6. Health benefits
• Sorghum starch is gluten-free, making
sorghum a good alternative to wheat flour for
individuals suffering from celiac disease.
• it also helps in weight loss.
• It provides good antioxidants
7. • Sorghum is mostly grown in semi-arid or sub-
tropical regions due to its resistance to harsh
weather conditions.
• Sorghum, a grain, forage or sugar crop is
among the most efficient crops in conversion
of solar energy and use of water.
• Sorghum is known as a high-energy, drought
tolerant crop.
10. Sorghum production
• In rank first sorghum production by country U.S.
(10,988.00 MT) in world & India in rank fifth
(5,000,00 MT) in world.
• In India, mainly on central & peninsular India
such as, Maharashtra, Karnataka, MP, AP ,
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat are important
states cultivating sorghum crop.
11. • In Tamil Nadu it is annually grown in 2.2 lakh
hectares with an average productivity of 850
kg/ha.
14. Sorghum exporting countries
County quantity (t)
Argentina 1071717
China 237663
Brazil 225430
Francis 74321
Belgium 43969
India 42137
Australia 20800
15. Land suitability
• Land selected for sorghum seed production
should have good drainage facility so as to
avoid water stagnation.
• Previous crop in the land should not be of any
other variety of sorghum.
• Land should be used sandy loam & well
drained soil.
16. Climate
• Though sorghum is grown as rain fed as well as
irrigated crop in different seasons, appropriate
season to produce good quality seeds is
important.
• For quality seed production, dry and cool
weather is more favourable than hot and humid
weather during panicle emergence and seed
development stage.
17. Seasons and varieties
• TNAU has resulted in release of five hybrids
and 44 varieties in sorghum.
• The cultivars, CO 26, CO (S) 28, CO (S) 30, BSR
1, COH 4, K tall, K 11, Paiyur 1, Paiyur 2 and
APK 1 are most commonly used in Tamil Nadu.
18. There are manily 4 seasons in Tamil Nadu
• Thaipattam (January-February) -- TNAU
SORGHUM HYBRID CO 5, BSR 1
• Chithiraipattam (April-May) --BSR 1, TNAU
SORGHUM HYBRID CO 5
• Adipattam (June-July) --K Tall, CO (S) 28, TNAU
SORGHUM variety CO 30, BSR 1.
• Puratasipattam (September-October) --K Tall,
CO (S) 28, TNAU SORGHUM variety CO 30,
BSR 1 .
19. • SRR for sorghum is 50 %.
• Seed multiplication ratio is 1:200.
20. All-India Coordinated Research
Project on Sorghum
• AICRP was established in December, 1969
with the main objective of conducting
research on grain and forage sorghum
improvement.
21. Mandate of AICRP
1. Develop hybrids, varieties, parental lines and
novel genetic stocks and conduct multi-location
testing of coordinated trials.
2. Develop and popularize integrated crop
production technologies and plant protection
practices to major insect and diseases.
3. To participate in Breeder Seed production,
Front-line demonstrations .
23. CSH 14
1. Released during 1992 .
2. Early maturing (100-105 days)
3. It is a replacement for
CSH- 1 & CSH- 6.
4. It has high grain yield
potential of 48-50 q/ha &
Fodder yield is 85- 90q/ha.
24. AKSSV – 22
1. Released during 2006.
2. It has higher total fresh
biomass (94q/ha) than
check SSV- 84 and RSSV
3. It has grain yield 12 – 14 q/ha.
4. Alcohol yield from grain
1850 to 1870 lit/ha.
25. PKV Ashwini
1. Released during 2006 (notified).
2. It is earner than malkapur wani.
3. It gives green hurda yield 42-43 q/ha & green
fodder yield 214 q/ha.
26. SPV- 669
1. Released during 1988 (notified).
2. It matures in115-120 days.
3. It has multiple tolerance
against shootfly, stem borer,
midgefly and drought.
4. It gives grain yield 38-40 q/ha and
fodder yield 120-125 q/ha.
5. Excellent grain & roti quality.
29. Quantity of seed required
• Irrigated - 7.5 kg/ha;
• Direct sown - 10 kg/ha
• Rainfed - 15 kg/ha
• Foundation seed is 62.5 Rs./Kg
• Certified seed is 47.25 Rs./Kg
30. sowing
• Form ridges and furrows of 6 m length and 45
cm apart Seeds are sown with a spacing of 15
cm on one side of the ridge .
31. Seed hardening
Hardened seeds will have the ability to withstand
drought during germination and plant growth.
• Instead of chemicals, botanicals like Prosopis juliflora
leaf extract (1%) can also be used for hardening
purpose.
• One kg of seeds are to be soaked in 600 ml of leaf
extract for 16 hours.
32. • Seeds are soaked in 2% potassium di hydrogen
phosphate solution for 10 hrs and then dried
back to original moisture
33. Isolation distance
Sorghum is an often crops pollinated crop
having 50% cross pollination. Isolation
distance should be maintained so as to avoid
varietal contamination of seed.
34. Growth stages
1. Seedling stage 1-15 days
2. Vegetative stage 16-40 days
3. Flowering/Reproductive Stage 41-65 days
4. Maturity 66-95 days
5. Ripening 96-105 days
39. Stages of hybrid Seed Production
• Breeder seed ---> A (AxB), B and R line are
multiplied
• Foundation seed ---> A (AxB) and R line are
multiplied
• Certified seed ---> A x R---F1.
42. Seeds and sowing
• Seed rate : A line : 8 kg ha-1
R line : 4 kg ha-1
• Spacing : A line : 45 x 30cm
R line : 45 x solid row spacing.
• Planting ratio : Foundation seed stage: 4:2 (A: B)
Certified seed stage : 5:2 (A:R)
• Border rows : 4 rows of male (either B or R line)
to, supply adequate pollen.
46. Synchronization technique
Staggered sowing: Sowing of male parent and
female parents are adjusted in such a way that both
parents come to flowering at the same time.
• CSH-5,the female parent MS 2077 A must be
sown 10-15 days earlier to the male CS 3541,
• CSH 6, the female parent MS 2219 A can be sown
simultaneously with CS 3541
• CSH 9, the female parent MS 296 A must be
sown 7-10 days earlier than male CS 3541 .
47. 2. Spraying growth retardant MH 500 ppm at 45
DAS, delays flowering in advancing parent.
4. Withhold one irrigation to the advancing
parent.
5. Spraying CCC 300 ppm will delay flowering.
49. Micro nutrient
• Mix 12.5 kg of micronutrient mixture
formulated by the Department of Agriculture,
Tamil Nadu .
• Basal application of ZnSO4 25 kg/ha and
FeSO4, 50 kg/ha .
50. Weed management
• Apply PE Atrazine@ 1.25 kg/ha on 3-5 DAS
followed by one hand weeding on 30-35 DAS.
51. Irrigation management
• Irrigation is given once in 7 days or once in 10
days. The following are the important stages in
which drought should be avoided.
Panicle emergence stage Flowering stage Seed maturation stage
52. Plant protection
Disease Control:
• Disease plant should be control Sugary disease
• Spraying of 0.2% Zineb should be spray after 45
days of sowing.
Insect control:
• 15 kg of Thimet ha should be apply in furrow with
fertilizer at time of sowing to control Shoot fly .
• One spray 1.5 kg Thidon/ha should be at 10 to 15
days after germination for controlling Stem borer.
53. Harveting
Sorghum crop should be harvested from 40-45
days after 50% flowering.
At this stage, moisture content will be around
20-22 per cent, seeds will have black layer at
the basal portion.
54. Seed yield
• The harvested ear heads should be dried to
bring down the seed moisture content to 15-
18% and then thrashing is done to avoid the
injury to seed .
• Harvested Seeds are to be dried to a moisture
content of 10-12 % .
• Seed yield of 2000 kg/ ha can be harvested.
55. Seed storage
The seeds are treated with captan or
thiram @ 2 g/kg of seed and pack it in cloth bag
at 12% moisture content for short term storage
and 8% moisture content in 700 gauge poly
ethylene bag for long term storage .
56.
57.
58.
59. SEED PRODUCTION AGENCY
• There are three type of Seed Production
Agency.
1) Government sector.
2) Public sector.
3) Private sector
60. National Seed Production Agencies :-
National seed corporation. (NSC)
State Farm Corporation of India. (SFC)
Indian Councils of Agriculture Research(ICAR)
India Agriculture Research Institute. (IARI)
61. TANSEDA
• Tamil Nadu State Seed Development Agency
(TANSEDA) is doing the seed production in
various crops.
Objectives
• Produce and distribute quality seeds of all crops
required as per the SRR.
• Monitoring the Seed Supply Position for timely
availability to farmers.
• Monitoring, reviewing and release of funds as
and when required.
62. Private Seed companies in TN
• E I D Parry (India)Ltd -chennai
• Laxmi Farm Seeds
• Rassi Seeds P Ltd-salem
• Selvam Hybrid seeds-attur
• Singari Seeds-chennai
• Southern Pert-chemical Industries
Corporation Ltd. -chennai
64. Policy Initiatives in Seed Sector
The following policy initiatives have been taken
by the Government of India in seed sector:-
• Enactment of the Seeds Act, 1966
• Seed Review Team-SRT (1968)
• Seed Control Order (1983)
• New Policy on Seed Development (1988)
• National Seeds Policy (2002)
• The Seeds Bill (2004)
• National Food Security Mission (2007)
