Earthquakes

What is an earthquake? ,[object Object],[object Object],1906 San Francisco earthquake

Oblique view of the San Andreas fault and San Francisco

Where are earthquakes found? ,[object Object],[object Object]

Plate tectonics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Divergent margins ,[object Object],[object Object]

An example of a wide, mature divergent margin ,[object Object]

An immature divergent plate margin ,[object Object],[object Object]

Volcanism in the Afar triangle ,[object Object]

Convergent margins I ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Convergent margins II ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Transform margins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

So here’s the big picture of what we’re living on

Where are the world’s earthquakes in terms of plate tectonics? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Pacific Rim of Fire ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

North American seismic hazards

Seismic hazard in eastern Canada

Faults associated with earthquakes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Three types of dominantly vertical faults ,[object Object],[object Object]

Faults whose movement is dominantly horizontal ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Earthquake generation along a fault ,[object Object],[object Object]

Elastic rebound theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Richter magnitudes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Destructiveness of an earthquake ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A challenge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The San Andreas fault ,[object Object]

San Andreas fault ,[object Object],[object Object]

Right-lateral motion Photos from Shelton, 1966

Right-lateral motion Photo, diagram from Sieh and LeVay, 1998

Some history ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

San Francisco, 18 April 1906 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1906 - location and seismic trace Seismic trace of 1906 quake from a seismic station 15,000 miles away in Gottingen, Germany

1906 - comparative magnitude ,[object Object]

1906 - extent and slip The northernmost 430 km of the San Andreas ruptured, with horizontal slippage up to 8-9 meters

1906 - intensity and shaking ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1906 - earthquake damage in San Francisco

1906 - some lessons learned ,[object Object],[object Object]

1906 - some lessons learned (ctd.) ,[object Object]

1906 - some lessons not learned A topographic map of San Francisco from 1950... … and a 1980 version of the same map

Future quakes in the San Francisco Bay area Note the high probability of an earthquake of M > 6.6 occurring before 2030 in this area

Cascadia Here, there is evidence for very large earthquakes over the last several thousand years…the most recent is 300 years ago

Quebec ,[object Object],[object Object],Map from Lamontagne (1999)

Quebec - Montreal region ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Quebec - Charlevoix region ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Charlevoix Charlevoix also has evidence for a meteorite impact crater, which served to fragment and fracture rocks (from Lamontagne, 1999)

Effects of earthquakes: aftershocks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Effects: liquefaction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Liquefaction hazard in the San Francisco Bay area

Effects: landslides ,[object Object],[object Object]

Effects: tsunamis ,[object Object],[object Object],Tsunami damage in Hilo, Hawaii, as a result of the 22 May 1960 Chile earthquake

Effects: building destruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Building damage near the epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

Effects on building materials ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Effects: fires ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Devastating fires in San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake

Effects: personal loss ,[object Object],[object Object]

Mitigating earthquakes ,[object Object]

Where to build your dream or trophy house - and where not to build ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Appropriate building codes which can withstand earthquake damage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Warning and prediction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Earthquake prediction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Earthquakes - reading ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Earthquakes - web ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Earthquakes

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Earthquakes