2. Outline
cdma2000 packet data
architecture and network elements
Simple IP/Mobile IP
Packet Network Nodes
State Machines
MAC Layer
Packet Data Call Flows
1x EV-DV (1xRTT Evolution for high-speed
integrated Data and Voice)
Motivation, goals and basic principles
2
3. Packet Data Architecture
SS7 HLR
Network
Telephon
VLR MSC PSTN e Network
AAA
Packet
BSC PCF PDSN Network
Home Home
Agent AAA
3
4. Simple IP vs. Mobile IP
Mobile station’s IP address will be changed
as the subscriber moves to different cells
Mobile station will be able to use a constant
IP even when moving across different cells
Packet
BSC PCF PDSN
Network PDSN
PCF
BSC
4
5. Mobile IP Registration
PDSN Packet
BSS Network Home Agent
(FA)
MIP-RRQ Mobile registers
MIP-RRQ its care of
address
MIP-RRP HA replies with
MIP-RRP lifetime
5
Packet Data Tunnel (UDP over IP)
6. Packet Network Nodes
PCF (Packet Control Function)
A required IP element in cdma2000 networks
Provides relay to mobile from PDSN
Keeps track of registration lifetime expiration and ensures
that the sessions are renewed as necessary
Controls the available radio resources
Buffers data received from PDSN until radio resources
becomes available
Controls dormancy
PDSN (Packet Data Serving Node)
PPP datalink layer to mobile is terminated
Interfaces with PCF
IP packets are routed
In MIP network acts as a FA
6
7. Packet Network Nodes
AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and
Accounting)
Stores accounting information and
authenticates/authorizes mobiles
Provides security to FA and Foreign AAA.
HA (Home Agent)
Establishes a secure packet-data tunnel with
the FA to provide MIP services and routes the
packets destined to the mobile to the FA
Authenticates MIP registrations
7
8. Mobile Originated Packet Data Call
UCSD Ericsson ///
MSC
BSC / PCF PDSN
Origination
Base Station Ack
CMServReq
SCCP-CC
Assign Request
TCH Setup
A11-RRQ
A8 /A10
A11-RRP
setup
Assign Complete
PPP Link Establishment and Mobile IP Registration
Packet
User Packet Data Network
8
9. Control Plane – Signaling
A11 A11
UDP UDP
IP IP
Link Link
Phys Phys
BSC/PCF PDSN
9
10. User Plane – Relay Mode
IP IP IP IP
PPP PPP
GRE GRE
RLP RLP Link Link
RS-232
RS-232
IP IP
AIR AIR Link Link
Inter- Inter-
face face Phys Phys Phys Phys
End
BSC/PCF PDSN
Host
A10
10
11. User Plane – Network Mode
IP IP IP IP IP IP
SLIP or SLIP or
PPP PPP PPP PPP
GRE GRE
RLP RLP Link Link
RS-232
RS-232
IP IP
AIR AIR Link Link
Inter- Inter-
face face Phys Phys Phys Phys
End
BSC/PCF PDSN
Host
A10
11
12. MAC States (1/3)
Active Mode and DTX
Data traffic flows
Reverse pilot is not gated
MS and BS can discontinue traffic for 10-20
frames (~200ms) without tearing down traffic
channel
Active
SCH
millisecond
Active
Control/Hold Dormant
FCH
second minute
12
13. MAC States (2/3)
Control Hold
Triggered when the data traffic is idle ~1-2 seconds
Signaling only
Power control is maintained
Reverse pilot can be gated
MS Stores radio information
Active
SCH
millisecond
Active
Control/Hold Dormant
FCH
second minute
13
14. MAC States (3/3)
Dormancy
Triggered when data traffic is idle ~1-2 minutes
Traffic channels and A8 (BSC-PCF) connection is
released
A10 (PCF-PDSN) connection and PPP is maintained
Active
SCH
millisecond
Active
Control/Hold Dormant
FCH
second minute
14
15. Dormant Mode
Initiation
BSC initiates when inactivity timer is expired or RF failure
occurred
MS initiates when inactivity timer is expired or TCH is
released
Reactivation
Initiated when network or MS has data to send
Since PPP is maintained no extra control plane signaling
required
User data is exchanged after reactivation
15
16. Inter BSC – Intra PDSN HHO
Source Target
MSC PDSN
BSC/PCF BSC/PCF
User Packet Data
HO Required
HO Request
Null Fwd Traffic
HO Request ACK
HO Command
HO Direction Msg
Rev Traffic
HO Commenced
HCM
Tear Down Channels
Clear Command A11 RRQ
A11 RRP
Clear Complete
Handoff Complete
A11 RRQ (Lifetime = 0)
User Packet Data
A11 RRP
16
17. Quality of Service
Still standardization is continuing
Air interface is bottleneck for an end-to-end
QoS
Some parameters are defined such as
User’s priority level (14 possible levels)
Minimum acceptable data rate (2x, 4x, …)
Acceptable FER (1%, 2%, 5%, 10%)
17
19. Motivation
CDMA 1x supplemental channel scheduling is
slow (~2-4 secs) and data rate is not
satisfactory (~144 kbps)
Forward link has priority due to asymmetric
nature of the data applications
Flexibility against short term and long term
voice and data demands
19
20. Design Goals
Backward compatibility with cdma2000 1x
cdma2000 1x features, applications and
services and voice/data capabilities are
maintained
Minimal effect on the terminals and
infrastructure for cdma2000 1x customers
increase battery life as a side goal
20
21. Design Requirements
FL peak data rate > 2.4 Mbps
RL peak data rate > 1.25 Mbps
Average throughput in FL and RL > 600 kbps
Peak data rate and average throughput is at
least as much as 1X EV-DO
21
22. What’s needed?
Radio resources should be optimally used
Radio link control & resource allocation must
be optimized
22
23. How is it achieved? (1/3)
100%
Residual power for 1x EV-DV
Base Station Power
1xEV-DV
overhead
Power for 1x voice and data
1x overhead
Time
Packet Data Common Channel is introduced
23
24. How is it achieved? (2/3)
Left-over power is used, hence no power
control
Rate control (higher order modulation and
coding) is used to maintained link quality
Optimally schedule delay tolerant data
Favor the user with good channel quality
Serve users both in parallel (CDM) and serial
(TDM) while TDM is preferred if possible
24
25. How is it achieved? (3/3)
Fast sector switching
Fast channel quality indicator send by MS
Fast physical layer ARQ (Automatic Repeat
Request) which also provides error correction
25
26. What’s next?
Reverse link data enhancements are
necessary to meet the requirements, i.e. 1.25
Mbps
Common services and mobility with different
type of network access technologies, such as
Wireless LANs, DSL, satellites etc.
26
27. 4G
Higher data rates ~2-20 Mbps
New air interface needs to be developed
Potential candidate OFDM
Smart antennas can form directed beams to
increase strength of the desired signal
A new spectrum needs to be assigned
Software radio can transmit over different air
interface technologies
All-IP vision: base stations become an access
router
27
Notas do Editor
Salih Ergut is a full-time employee at Ericsson Wireless Communication Inc. (San Diego, CA) and pursuing his PhD part-time at ECE Department of UCSD. E-mails: [email_address] [email_address]
The mobile station shall maintain a packet data inactivity timer. The value of this timer shall not be less than 20 seconds