1. Church Reform & Religious Communities

2. Council of Trent
 1545-1547; 1551-1552; 1562-1563
 Paul III; Julius III; Pius IV
 Lutheran split 1530; Anglican split 1534
 Respond to Reformers, clarify doctrine,
strengthen church from within, enhance
uniformity and appeal
 Anathema sit … Let him be condemned!

3. Walls, yes … bridges, no

4. Response to Reformers
 Sola Scriptura
 Scripture AND Tradition
 Church alone can interpret scripture
 Latin Vulgate is the ideal translation
 “And for anyone who says scripture and
tradition are not equal, let him be
anathema.”

5. Justification/Salvation
 Salvation Through Grace By Faith
 Without grace, we are doomed …
○ BUT … we must cooperate with grace
○ Grace is only the beginning
 Devotions and good works affirmed, but
abuses (like selling indulgences) stopped
 Faith AND works

6. Priesthood of All Believers
 Hierarchy still stands
 The “character” of orders is indelible
(permanent, unchangeable, inerasable)
 However … the clergy needs reform
 Seminary in every diocese
 Bishops must live in diocese
 Priests and bishops must preach
 Priestly celibacy

7. Other Results
 Publications
 Catechism
 Breviary
 Missal
 Index of Forbidden Books
 New religious orders; reform within others
 Bulk of the changes/teachings/publications
hold solid until 1960s, with Vatican II

9. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
 Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
 Injured as soldier  Soldier for Christ
 Military background  chain of command
 Fourth Vow– absolute personal obedience to
Pope
 “The Spiritual Exercises”
 Intellectuals, theologians, missionaries
 Practical, this-world … not withdrawal, sacrifice
 Task for “soldiers”: Combat Protestantism

10. Spiritual/Mystics
 Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)
 Doctor of the Church
 “The Interior Castle”
 Discalced Carmelites
 John of the Cross

11. Vincentians/Charitys
 Vincent de Paul (1581-1660)
 Focus on the poor; preach to, teach
commoners
 Louise de Marillac  Daughters of
Charity
 Bypass cloister rules by taking private
annual vows

12. Christian Brothers
 John Baptist de La Salle (1652-1719)
 Educate poor children  escape poverty,
crime
 Began classroom teaching (not private
tutors)
 Considered a founder of modern education

14. John Carroll
 1735-1815; elected bishop in 1789
(American Catholics feared foreign
bishop)
 Balanced democracy with Vatican
loyalty
 Began St. Mary’s Seminary (Baltimore),
Georgetown College (DC), dioceses
 1790 – 30,000 American Catholics
1815 – 200,000 American Catholics

15. Elizabeth Ann Seton
 1774-1821
 First American-born saint (canonized
1975)
 Convert; began Baltimore school
 Sisters of Charity (Emmitsburg) – first
religious order begun in the U.S.
 Credited with beginning the parochial
school system

16. Others
 Women’s Orders
 Philippine Duchesne – Religious of Sacred
Heart
 Cornelia Connelly – began Society of Holy Child
 Katharine Drexel – Blessed Sacrament sisters,
helping poor blacks & Indians
 Rose Hawthorne Lathrop – help incurable
cancer
 Colleges/Universities
 Notre Dame (Holy Cross fathers); St. John’s
(Benedictines); St. Mary’s, Texas (Marianists)