agronomy

1. Guided by:-
dr. amitesh kumar singh
Submitted by:-
Swarupa kumari
i.d- r-12039
b.sc(ag.) 4th yr.

2.  Agriculture occupies a pride place in the country’s economy.
It is the main source of raw material for India’s leading
industries, providing employments to a vast number of people
in the villages and towns. It also provides a large part of
market for industrial goods, particularly the farm inputs like
fertilizers, pesticides, implements, machinery pumps etc. It is
agriculture which supplies not only food grains, beverages and
nutritious food but also sustains a large number of industries.
Thus it becomes vital to have knowledge about the agricultural
development of the regions. In the ACRP (Agro Climatic
Regional Planning) Programme the country was divided into 15
major Agro Climatic regions, later subdivisions were also done
according to the homogeneity in agricultural characteristics
and feasibility in terms of planning and operationalisation with
reference to the geographical area covered.
 With the 329 million hectares of the geographical area
the country presents a large number of complex agro-
climatic situations.

3.  The Planning Commission, as a result of the mid-term appraisal of
the planning targets of the Seventh Plan, has divided the country into
fifteen broad agro-climatic zones based on physiography, soils,
geological formation, Climate, cropping patterns, and development
of irrigation and mineral resources for broad agricultural planning
and developing future strategies. Fourteen regions were in the main
land and the remaining one in the islands of Bay of Bengal and the
Arabian Sea. The main objective was to integrate plans of the agro-
climatic regions with the state and national plans to enable policy
development based on techno-agro-climatic considerations. In the
agro-climatic regional planning, further sub-regionalization was
possible based on agro-ecological parameters.
 Agro climatic zone is a land unit is terms of major climates suitable
for a certain range of crops and cultivars(FAO,1983)

5.  This Region covers Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh and the hilly region of U.P.
 Climate is cool and humid.
 Annual rainfall- 1650-2000mm.
 Soil is predominantly alluvial.
 The valley floors grow rice, while the hilly
tracts grow maize in the kharif season.
 Winter crops are barley, oats, and wheat.
 The region supports horticultural crops like
apple, peaches, apricot, pears, cherry,
almond, litchis, walnut, etc. Saffron is grown
in this region.
 Cropping intensity is lowest in J&K and
highest in Himachal pradesh.

6.  The main problems of this region are poor accessibility, soil
erosion, landslides, inclement weather, inadequacy of
marketing and storage facilities.
 The population is generally rural-based and poor.
Measures to develop this region:-
 intensify the soil and water conservation planning.
 Land utility planning should be implemented.
 Good storage for transportation, marketing & processing.
 Irrigation management like water harvesting technique.

7.  This region includes Arunachal Pradesh, the hills of Assam,
Sikkim, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura,
and the Darjeeling district of West Bengal.
 Climate is humid and sub humid.
 Annual rainfall- 1840-3528 mm.
 The main crops are rice, maize, potato, tea.
 Jhuming (shifting cultivation) prevails in the hilly areas.
 The major constraint is soil erosion.

8.  Soil and water conservation for each
watershed.
 Educate the people about the harmful effect
of land erosion.
 Facilities of good supply of inputs, marketing,
transportation, processing & storage.
 Adoption of integrated farming system.

9.  West Bengal, eastern Bihar and the
Brahmaputra valley lie in this region.
 Climate is moist humid and dry
humid.
 Annual rainfall- 1302-1607mm.
 Productivity of rice is lower than
national average but contributes 12%
of total rice production of country.
 Rice is the main crop and others are
jute, rapeseed, wheat.

10.  Lack of good water management.
 Use of local variety.
 Less use of HYV.
 Inadequate supply of inputs.
 Poor marketing and processing.
 Dependent on monsoon.
 Uneducated and poor farmers.
 Poor electricity supply.

11.  This region includes eastern parts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
 It is a fertile alluvial plain drained by the Ganga and its
tributaries.
 Climate is moist sub humid to dry humid.
 Annual rainfall- 1211-1470mm.
 40% of total cropped area is irrigated and cropping intensity
is 142%.
 Main crops- sugarcane, paddy, maize, wheat.

12.  This region includes the central and western parts of Uttar
Pradesh and the Haridwar and Udham Nagar districts of
Uttarakhand.
 Climate is dry sub humid to sub dry climate.
 Annual rainfall- 721-979 mm.
 Main crops- rice, wheat, maize and sugarcane.
 Irrigation intensity is 131% and cropping intensity is 145%.
 Milk production and processing units are being established.

13.  This region (also called the Satluj-Yamuna Plains) extends
over Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi and the Ganganagar
district of Rajasthan.
 Semi-arid characteristics prevail in this region.
 Annual rainfall- 65-125 cm.
 Cropping intensity is highest.
 Important crops include wheat, sugarcane, cotton, rice, gram,
maize, millets, pulses and oilseeds.

14.  Good water management.
 Management and reclaimation of user soil.
 Proper use of ground water.
 Diversification of crops.
 Proper livestock and pasture management.
 Increasing of area under vegetables, fruits and pastures.

15.  This region includes the Chhotanagpur
Plateau, extending over Jharkhand,
Orissa, Chhattisgarh.
 Climate is moist subhumid to dry
subhumid.
 Annual rainfall is 1271-1436mm.
 The region is deficient in water
resources due to plateau structure and
non-perennial streams.
 Important crops are rice, millets,
maize, oilseeds, ragi, gram and potato.
 Soils are red and yellow with
occasional patches of laterites and
alluvium.

16.  The region includes 46 districts of M.P,
Chhattisgarh, U.P and rajasthan.
 Undulating soil topography, ravines are
present.
 Climate is semi arid to dry sub humid.
 Annual rainfall is 400-1550mm.
 Main crops are Wheat, Gram, Jowar,
Bajra, Paddy, millets, oilseeds, cotton
and sunflower.
 Soils are mixed red, yellow and black.
 Scarcity of water is major constraint.

17.  water conservation through water saving devices like
sprinklers and drip system.
 crop diversification.
 ground water development.
 reclamation of ravine lands.

18.  This region includes Malwa plateau and Deccan plateau
(Maharashtra), some parts of M.P and Rajasthan.
 It covers maximum parts of peninsular area.
 This is a region of the regur (black) soil.
 Climate is semi-arid.
 Annual rainfall- 602-1040 mm.
 Net sown area-65%, forest area-11%, irrigated area-12.4%.
 Major crops- jowar, bajra, cotton and wheat.
 Irrigation is mainly done by canals.
 This region provides 50% jowar of our country and best
quality of orange, grape and banana.

19.  Increasing water efficiency by popularizing water saving
devices like sprinklers and drip system.
 The lower value crops of jowar, bajra and rainfed wheat
should give way to high value oilseeds.
 Improvement of milk production of cattle and buffalo through
cross-breeding along with poultry development should be
encouraged.

20.  This region includes the greater parts of
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil
Nadu.
 It is an area of dry-zone agriculture.
 Annual rainfall- 677-1000mm.
 81% dry land farming and 111% cropping
intensity.
 Major crops-Coffee, tea, cardamom and
spices.
Suggestions:-
Proper utilization of dry land technology in water
shed area.
Increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Minor irrigation use programme.

21.  This region includes east coast of Tamil
Nadu, A.P and Orissa.
 Climate is semi arid and dry sub humid.
 Annual rainfall- 780-1287 mm.
 Soils are mainly alluvial and coastal sands
and are troubled by the problem of
alkalinity.
 Irrigation through canals and tanks.
 Major crops- Rice, Ragi, Jowar & Bajra.
 This region contributes 20.3% in total rice
production and 17.5% in groundnut
production.
 75% area is rainfed.

22.  Main agricultural strategies include improvement in the
cultivation of spices (pepper and cardamom) and
development of fisheries.
 Discouraging growing of rice on marginal lands and bringing
such lands under alternate crops like oilseeds and pulses.
 Diversifying cropping and avoiding mono-cropping.
 Developing horticulture in upland areas.
 Social forestry and dairy-farming.

23.  This region includes west coast of Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Karnataka, Maharashtra & Goa.
 Climate is dry sub humid to humid.
 Annual rainfall- 2226-3640mm.
 The soils are laterite and coastal alluvial.
 Main occupation is cultivation of spices and plantation crops
which are raised along the hill slopes of the Western Ghats. .
 Major crops- Rice, Ragi, Groundnut, Tapioca.

24.  Storage of rain water.
 Proper use of ground water.
 Raising of high value crops (pulses, spices, and coconut).
 Development of infra- structural facilities
 promotion to prawn culture in brackish water.

25.  This region includes 19 districts of Gujarat.
 It is an arid and semi-arid region.
 Annual rainfall- 340-1793 mm.
 32.5% land is irrigated through wells and
tube wells.
 Main crops- maize, Wheat, Groundnut,
Tobacco, Cotton, Jowar, Bajra.
 This zone is famous for oilseed crop hence
known as oilseed region.
 Cropping intensity is 114%
 About 60% area is drought prone.
 78% area is rainfed.
 Soils are regur in the plateau region,
alluvium in the coastal plains, and red and
yellow soils in Jamnagar area.

26.  Rain water harvesting and its management.
 Dryland farming and management of canal and ground water.
 Development of agro-forestry and arid-horticulture.

27.  This region includes 9 districts of
Rajasthan.
 This region has an erratic rainfall of an
annual average of 95mm.
 The desert climate further causes high
evaporation.
 This region has scanty vegetation and no
perennial rivers.
 Drought occurs frequently.
 Main crops- bajra, gram, wheat, rapeseed.
 This region has 1.2% forest area, 4.5%
pasture area, 6.3% irrigated area.
 Cropping intensity is 105%.

28.  Rainwater harvesting.
 Increasing yield level of horticultural crops like water melon,
guava and date palm.
 Adopting high quality germ-plasm in cattle to improve their
breed.
 Adopting silvi-pastoral system over wastelands.

29.  This region includes Andaman &
Nicobar and Lakshwadeep.
 Climate is humid.
 Annual rainfall is 300mm spread
over 8-9 months.
 Largely forest zone with
undulating land.
 Main crops are rice, maize,
millets, pulses, arecanut,
turmeric and cassava.
 Nearly half of the cropped area is
under coconut.

30.  Crop improvement.
 Water management and fisheries.
 Improved variety of rice seeds should be popularised so as to
enable farmers to take two crops of rice in place of one.
 Brackish water prawn culture should be promoted in the
coastal areas.

31.  Agro Climatic zone Planning aims at scientific management of regional
resources to meet the requirements of food, fibre, fodder and fuel wood
without eroding the status of natural resources and environment. The
understanding of agro climatic regions can also help to increase the share of
agriculture in state’s GDP.
The Rural peoples can be benefited a lot if they have better
understanding of Agro Climatic Regions and knowledge of related
programmes. This can diversify and stabilise the earnings of the
farmers.
People involved with agricultural sector should have complete
knowledge regarding land, soil types, irrigation facilities, water
availability, seeds, amount and distribution of rainfall, human resource,
livestock, marketing, credit institutions, input supply system,
processing facilities available in the area which can bring better results
to the individuals, state and ultimately to the country.

32.  Fundamentals of Agriculture, vol.1- Arun
Katyayan. Crop ecology- Agroclimatic regional
planning: 34-39.
 Principles of Agronomy- T. Yellamanda Reddy,
G.H. Sankara Reddy. Climate- Agro-climatic
zones of India: 38-39
 http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/com
mittee/wrkgrp11/wg11_agrclim.pdf.
 http://www.agriinfo.in/. Agronomy- Agro
Climatic Zones Of India In General.
 http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/Anil_Kumar_Singh.p
df . World Meteorological Day 2011: Climate for
you. Climate Resources for Agriculture- Anil
Kumar Singh, Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (New Delhi)

33. THANK YOU