3. RAM
Temporary storage for router configuration files
RAM content is lost on power down or restart
Stores...
Routing tables
ARP cache
Fast switching cache
Packet buffering
4. NVRAM
Non-volatile RAM
Stores backup/startup configuration files
Content is not lost when router is powered down or
restarted.
5. Flash
EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory)
Holds the Cisco IOS
(Internetworking Operating System)
Allows updating of software without replacing the
Flash chip
Multiple versions of IOS can be stored
Retained on power down
6. ROM
Contains POST (Power On Self Test)
A bootstrap program
(loads the Cisco IOS)
And mini-operating system software:
Backup, trimmed down version of the IOS
Upgrades require installing new chip set
7. Interfaces
Network connections through which packets enter
and exit the router
Attached to the motherboard or as separate modules
on “modular” routers.
8. As the router is booted, the following is
loaded into RAM’s Working Storage.
RAM Specifics
Command
Executive
Internetwork
Operating
System
(IOS)
Programs
Active
Config
File
Tables Buffers
9. Programs include the bootstrap program that
• tests the equipment (POST)
• and locates the IOS.
RAM Specifics
11. RAM Specifics
Part of the IOS is the Command EXEC. This is the
program that translates the commands you type
into a language that the IOS can understand.
12. RAM Specifics
Once the IOS is initialized, it looks for an active
configurations file (usually in NVRAM) and loads
it. This file tells the router specifically what to do.
13. RAM Specifics
The tables are loaded from the configuration file
including...
• ARP Tables
• Routing Tables
14. RAM Specifics
Finally, all leftover memory in RAM is used as the
buffer for processing incoming and outgoing
packets.
15. Router Status Commands
“Show” commands yield status information about
various router components, as shown on the next
slides...
16. Example Show Commands
show version
displays:
configuration of the system hardware
IOS version
names and sources of configuration files
the current setting of the configuration register
(used in password recovery)
19. show protocols
displays the status of all configured Layer 3 protocols
displays the status of all interfaces
20. show ip route
displays the routes to all networks known to the router
21. show controller
displays information about each interface controller.
Key: shows whether serial interface is DTE or DCE
(setting determined by the connected cable).
Important mainly in Cisco lab, where some routers are configured
DCE.