Webinar - Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings and Offsite Renewables

Dr. Andreas Hermelink
29/05/2013
NEARLY ZERO ENERGY
BUILDINGS AND OFF-SITE
RENEWABLES
Webinar

© ECOFYS | |© ECOFYS | |29/05/2013 Dr. Andreas Hermelink2
Content
> Introduction
> Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEB)
> Definitions of Renewable Energy Supply for nZEB
> Key Issues around off-site Renewables in nZEB
> Conclusions and Recommendations

© ECOFYS | |© ECOFYS | |29/05/2013 Dr. Andreas Hermelink3
Content
> Introduction

© ECOFYS | |29/05/2013 Dr. Andreas Hermelink4
Introduction – What„s the issue?
> Emissions gap report Cancún:
Scenarios that give the world a chance
to stay below 2 C have:
> World GHG Emissions peak before
2020
> World GHG Emissions in 2050 50-
60% below 1990 level
> Due to the high share of
industrialized countries in GHG
emissions, Europe has a target of
80%-95% GHG reductions.

© ECOFYS | |
A roadmap for moving to a low carbon economy
in 2050, EC 2011, Minimum Reduction vs. 1990
29/05/2013 Dr. Andreas Hermelink5
-20%
-54%
-37%
-80%
-93%
-88%
-100%
-90%
-80%
-70%
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
Cross sectoral Power Buildings
2020
2030
2050

© ECOFYS | |
A roadmap for moving to a low carbon economy
in 2050, EC 2011, Maximum Reduction vs. 1990
-30%
-68%
-53%
-95%
-99%
-91%
-100%
-90%
-80%
-70%
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
Cross sectoral Power Buildings
2020
2030
2050

Content
> Introduction

Definition of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings
> Energy Performance of Buildings Directive‟s (EPBD), Article 9:
– [A nearly Zero-Energy Building is a] “building that has a very high
energy performance… [ ]. The nearly zero or very low amount of
energy required should to a very significant extent be covered by
energy from renewable sources, including renewable energy
produced on-site or nearby.”
2019/2021 today building stock

Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings: Key Questions
2019/2021 today building stock
> Burning questions
– Options to achieve nearly zero-energy buildings?
– What about off-site renewables?
– Off-site electricity as an option?

Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings: Close Up
> Residential & non-residential buildings
> All NEW buildings
> Included services: heating, domestic hot
water, cooling, ventilation, lighting
(commercial buildings) and auxiliary
energy => NOT: plug-loads, appliances
> First, reduce energy needs for these
services to cost-optimal levels
> Second, cover the nearly zero rest (very
significantly) from renewable sources
> Annual GHG emissions 2050:
appr. 3 kg CO2 / m2a in building stock
> => nZEB also means nearly zero
emission building!
> Today there is no more specific definition
in Europe which is common sense!

Reasons to Focus on Electricity in Nearly Zero-
Energy Buildings
> In nZEB very high share of plug loads of
appliances and other „non-EPBD“
services relative to
– Cost
– environmental impact
> Integration of power and heat markets
– Heat pumps get more attractive
– Decreasing thermal loads &
increasing electricity loads
– Buildings„ Load management
potential
– Small scale CHP
– Power to gas / district heat
– Decreasing CO2 emissions from
power generation

Content
> Introduction

Renewable Energy according to the EPBD
> EPBD Article 2.5: “energy from renewable sources”
– Wind
– Solar
– Geothermal
– hydrothermal and ocean energy
– Hydropower
– Biomass
– landfill gas
– sewage treatment plant gas
– biogases

© ECOFYS | |
off-site
nearby
Different Physical Boundaries for Supplying
Energy from Renewable Sources, 1
> “the nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a
very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including [but
not saying: “being” or “limited to”] energy from renewable sources
produced on-site or nearby”.
> Main arguments to include off-site: provide sufficient number of choices for
building owner, ensure equal chances, reflect reality of renewable supply
on-site

Different Physical/Legal Boundaries for Supplying

© ECOFYS | |
off-site
nearby
Single Building and Off-Site Supply
> Two different physical boundaries for demand and supply
> Balancing import and export
> Balance gets easier when focus switches to building owner as „legal system“
=> high share of RE possible without any on-site renewables
on-site
import
export

Typical size of solar and wind, on-
site/nearby and off-site
RE generation options On-site and nearby Off-site
Wind
Small scale (<2.5kW) x -
Community scale (<20MW) x x
Utility scale(>20MW) - x
Solar PV
Residential systems (<10kW) x -
Commercial buildings (10-100kW) x -
Industrial plants (100 kW-1 MW) x x
Utility scale plants (>1MW) - x

Metric and Period of the Balance
> EPBD requires national nZEB definition to
include a numerical indicator for the energy
performance. Which metric to use?
– Delivered energy => primary energy factors
(PEF) => Primary energy
– PEF sometimes intransparent, for electricity
steep decrease forecasted
– Switch to CO2 might happen in the future
> Period of the balance
– EPBD: Net balance over one year (include
heating & cooling)
– Question of length of sub-intervals
– The shorter the sub-interval, the more
ambitious it is to achieve (nearly)
zero-energy balances => aim: less stress
for (electricity) grids

Period of the Balance – „Load Match Index“
> Result: The net ZEB can only “live” without importing energy for 25% of a
year‟s hours; e.g. all nocturnal hours need energy imports.
> Annual sub-interval over-estimates renewable share
> Currently monthly balances seem to be a viable solution.
source: Koch et al. 2011
> Different sub-intervals
for a 1 year period:
– 1 year
– 1 month
– 1 day
– 1 hour
> Balancing „PV on the
roof“-export with
import from grid;
> PV system sized for
annual „net 0“

Variations in nZEB definitions
> 71 nZEB definitions from 17 EU and 2 countries beyond have been analysed
> graph shows which boundary is explicitly allowed/forbidden/not mentioned
for renewable energy (heat & electricity)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
option1:footprint option2:on-site option3:off-site
generation
option4:off-site
green electricity
Numberofavailable
definitions/labels
not defined
no
yes

Content
> Introduction
– Energy cost and grid parity
– Metering schemes
– Generation schemes for off-site renewables
– Ongoing nZEB related CEN standardisation
– Monitoring, verification and enforcement (MVE)

Energy Cost and Influence of Grid
Parity, retail, on-site
2010 2015 2020
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Euro/kWh
Residential PV Commercial PV Industrial PV Onshore Wind
> Levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) [€/kWh]
> LCOE: lifetime costs (all investments, replacements and operational costs incl.
fuel) => metric to compare renewable and conventional power generation
LCOE for on-site supply

© ECOFYS | |
2010 2015 2020
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Euro/kWh
Industrial PV Utility PV Offshore Wind Onshore Wind
Energy Cost and Influence of Grid
Parity, retail, off-site
> Grid parity (LCOE from renewable sources = LCOE from conventional sources)
> Grid parity for wind and solar predicted to occur 2015-2010 (retail price)
> The more wind and solar reach grid parity, the more options to reach nZEB
> Grid parity makes buying (off-site) renewable energy shares more attractive
LCOE for off-site supply
industrial commercial residential

Metering Schemes
> First grid connected PV system in the 1980s
> regulation and feed in tariffs to stimulate and/or
control distributed generation
> Introduction of net metering schemes
– Meter goes „backwards“ in times of
excess generation
> Potential limitations
– Uneven reward of electricity from PV, (urban) wind turbines, CHP …
– Capacity or energy limits for what the grid has to accept
– Smart meters easily allow different tariffs for imported and exported
energy; presumably charges will be imposed on exported energy
– Bonuses for self-consumption (e.g. Germany) higher than feed-in
bonus
> Variations of previous parameters – especially capacity limits and feed-in
tariff - affect attractiveness of on-site generation

Financial Viability of Net Metering Schemes;
2020 situation – retail price grid parity assumed
> Renewable electricity generator installed „behind the meter“
> nZEB: very significant extent should be covered by renewables, but
small nZEB consumption allows for financial viability
Reimbursement price
Fed in
Bought from grid
Self
consumed

Generation Schemes for Off-Site Renewables
> Renewable electricity generator installed „before the meter“, i.e. beyond
on-site boundary. Focus on wind instead of PV.
> Two possibilities for building owner: ownership share & delivery contract
REcooperative
utility
ESCO
REcooperative
bank
broker
RE obligation
buildingowner
deliverycontractownership share
building
EITHER OR„Option 3“ „Option 4“

Different Physical/Legal Boundaries for Supplying

REcooperative
utility
ESCO
REcooperative
bank
broker
RE obligation
buildingowner
building

Cooperative Renewable Generation
> Group of people becomes member of a
cooperative, owning RE facility
> power generated results in reductions or credits on
the electricity bill
> Share also may be offered by bank or broker
> Experience (wind) e.g. in Denmark, The
Netherlands, Germany
> Physical proximity not necessary, e.g. Denmark gradually expanded from
3 km around wind turbine to the entire European Union.
> Projects existing with and without government support
> Standard taxation model: generation that does not exceed own
consumption gets tax discount; excess generation considered as business
> 10-15% of wind capacity in the Netherlands is owned by cooperatives

REcooperative
utility
ESCO
REcooperative
bank
broker
RE obligation
buildingowner
building
No investment
parallel to
investment in nZEB!
How to ensure
persistence of RE
share?

Ongoing nZEB related CEN Standardisation
> 31 European standards („CEN standards“) are the EPBD„s backbone
> Currently being updated due to 2010 EPBD recast => to be ready 2014
> Not mandatory but cf. EPBD „Annex I“: „“The methodology for calculating
the energy performance of buildings should take into account European
standards …”
> “Umbrella document” EN 15603:
– framework for energy performance calculation
– Definition of system boundaries => share of RE, number of options!
> Current “assessment” boundaries, defined as “geographical
perimeters”, none of them seems to be generally excluded:
– Conditioned space within building
– The building-site (on-site)
– Outside the building site – nearby
– Outside the building site – distant
> Under discussion: different primary energy factors for import & export
> Unclear: link of „distant“ generation to nZEB

Monitoring, verification and enforcement (MVE)
> Clearly defined indicators needed as a basis for MVE
> Energy Performance Certificates show nZEB status; currently share of
renewable energy not explicitly shown
> Clear accounting of energy from renewable sources should exist => no rules
yet => need for development of methodology
– 1st stage should include EPBD services (heating, cooling, ventilation …)
– 2nd stage might also include applainces, construction, disposal etc.
> On-site generation offers highest probability of persisting RE share
> Off-site community scheme
– Shareholder contract should establish relation between building owner
and a certain amount of renewable electricity + guarantee continuity
– Legal connection between nZEB (rather than nZEB owner) and RE needed
=> transferable share in case of owner change; RE sticks with building
> Off-site electricity purchase
– Evidence that RE belongs to the building & is renewable (certificate)
– Currently no coupling between renewable energy certificates and nZEB

Ecological Additionality
> nZEB must cause additional renewable electricity
> Is this achieved by share of renewables in nZEB?
> New investments in RE that otherwise would not
have been taken due to policy framework.
> Just claiming existing RE capacity for nZEB reduces
RE availability for other sectors, increasing their PEF.
> Possible solution e.g. funds which are additional to
national RE funds, financed by nZEB owners
> Possible solution: no subsidies for nZEB RE
investment => gets more probable with grid parity
> Other solution: nZEB RE share is explicit brick in
policy beyond 2020.

Conclusions
> nZEB as a cornerstone for EU 2050 climate targets
> Only demand reduction and RE will succeed
> On-site RE in the focus
> Off-site RE must get a viable nZEB option as well
– Equality, even chances, avoid discrimination
– Community and large scale production

Conclusions 2, pros and cons on-site and off-site schemes
onsite RE
offsite -share
ownership
offsite - delivery
contract (green
electricity)
Investment upfront needed?
YES YES NO
Sensitive to electricity price or product
price increase?
Self consumption
part: NO
NO YES
Sensitive to changes in metering
schemes?
YES NO NO
Sensitive to local grid capacity and
physical limitations
YES NO NO
Possibility to exploit most cost-
effective RE options
NO YES YES
Sensitivity to the match between
supply and demand
YES NO NO
Sensitive to period of balance?
YES NO NO
Ease of monitoring verification and
enforcement incl. persistence
+ -/+ -/+
Financial viability for building owner
-/+ -/+ -/+
> Building owner should (possibly) have all options available

Recommendations
> Work on standardised off-site nZEB products needed
> Key terms of EPBD nZEB definition need sharpening
> Regulation for calculation of RE share needed
– boundaries
– PE- and GHG-factors of import and export
> Increasing focus on non-EPBD, mostly electricity
driven services needed.
– high share of electricity cost in energy cost
– Strive for overall optimum relative to life-cycle
cost and life-cycle environmental impact
> Develop metering schemes for off-site solutions
> Ecological additionality: nZEB„s RE share should have
an explicit role in beyond 2020 targets
> nZEB by 2019/2021: sufficient but scarce time to act

Please contact us for more information
Dr. Andreas Hermelink
Ecofys Germany GmbH
Am Karlsbad 11
10785 Berlin
Germany
T: +49 30 297 735 79-50
E: a.hermelink@ecofys.com
I: www.ecofys.com

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