SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 1
Theory and the White-Collar Offender
Our previous week’s discussion required an explanation for
inappropriate/criminal conduct committed by medical
professionals.
In a 1-2 page paper, examine which criminological theory best
explains this inappropriate/criminal conduct.
Which theory best describes your view of this white collar
offender. Support your position with at least three (3) external
references

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais de susannr

Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also frame so.docx
Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also frame so.docxTheories help frame more than presenting problems—they also frame so.docx
Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also frame so.docxsusannr
 
Theories of LeadershipInstructionsWrite a 4–5 page paper.docx
Theories of LeadershipInstructionsWrite a 4–5 page paper.docxTheories of LeadershipInstructionsWrite a 4–5 page paper.docx
Theories of LeadershipInstructionsWrite a 4–5 page paper.docxsusannr
 
Theories in SociologyAssignment OverviewThis writing assignm.docx
Theories in SociologyAssignment OverviewThis writing assignm.docxTheories in SociologyAssignment OverviewThis writing assignm.docx
Theories in SociologyAssignment OverviewThis writing assignm.docxsusannr
 
Theories of LeadershipMany schools of thought have developed t.docx
Theories of LeadershipMany schools of thought have developed t.docxTheories of LeadershipMany schools of thought have developed t.docx
Theories of LeadershipMany schools of thought have developed t.docxsusannr
 
THEORIES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTPiaget’s TheoryWe begin wi.docx
THEORIES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTPiaget’s TheoryWe begin wi.docxTHEORIES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTPiaget’s TheoryWe begin wi.docx
THEORIES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTPiaget’s TheoryWe begin wi.docxsusannr
 
Theories of Maladaptive BehaviorLocate at least two peer-rev.docx
Theories of Maladaptive BehaviorLocate at least two peer-rev.docxTheories of Maladaptive BehaviorLocate at least two peer-rev.docx
Theories of Maladaptive BehaviorLocate at least two peer-rev.docxsusannr
 
Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also fram.docx
Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also fram.docxTheories help frame more than presenting problems—they also fram.docx
Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also fram.docxsusannr
 
THEORETICAL REVIEW Please read through these extensive assignmen.docx
THEORETICAL REVIEW Please read through these extensive assignmen.docxTHEORETICAL REVIEW Please read through these extensive assignmen.docx
THEORETICAL REVIEW Please read through these extensive assignmen.docxsusannr
 
Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 35, 31-42. To Treat a Psyc.docx
Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 35, 31-42. To Treat a Psyc.docxTheoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 35, 31-42. To Treat a Psyc.docx
Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 35, 31-42. To Treat a Psyc.docxsusannr
 
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR A FAMILY AND PALLIATIVE NURS.docx
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR A FAMILY AND PALLIATIVE NURS.docxTHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR A FAMILY AND PALLIATIVE NURS.docx
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR A FAMILY AND PALLIATIVE NURS.docxsusannr
 
Theoretical PerspectivesSince Childrens Literature is written f.docx
Theoretical PerspectivesSince Childrens Literature is written f.docxTheoretical PerspectivesSince Childrens Literature is written f.docx
Theoretical PerspectivesSince Childrens Literature is written f.docxsusannr
 
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapte.docx
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapte.docxTheoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapte.docx
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapte.docxsusannr
 
Theoretical Approach Summarize and explain the three major theor.docx
Theoretical Approach Summarize and explain the three major theor.docxTheoretical Approach Summarize and explain the three major theor.docx
Theoretical Approach Summarize and explain the three major theor.docxsusannr
 
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapted .docx
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapted .docxTheoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapted .docx
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapted .docxsusannr
 
Then please provide me a write-up explaining which tools you dow.docx
Then please provide me a write-up explaining which tools you dow.docxThen please provide me a write-up explaining which tools you dow.docx
Then please provide me a write-up explaining which tools you dow.docxsusannr
 
theme to develop 1. Explain and apply in practice each of the Pr.docx
theme to develop 1. Explain and apply in practice each of the Pr.docxtheme to develop 1. Explain and apply in practice each of the Pr.docx
theme to develop 1. Explain and apply in practice each of the Pr.docxsusannr
 
Then, FOR THE ARTICLE YOU CHOOSE TO WRITE ON, you will type a 1000-1.docx
Then, FOR THE ARTICLE YOU CHOOSE TO WRITE ON, you will type a 1000-1.docxThen, FOR THE ARTICLE YOU CHOOSE TO WRITE ON, you will type a 1000-1.docx
Then, FOR THE ARTICLE YOU CHOOSE TO WRITE ON, you will type a 1000-1.docxsusannr
 
Themes&in&Art&and&Culture&I&Fall$2017$–$HAD$111$ $ $ $Hist.docx
Themes&in&Art&and&Culture&I&Fall$2017$–$HAD$111$ $ $ $Hist.docxThemes&in&Art&and&Culture&I&Fall$2017$–$HAD$111$ $ $ $Hist.docx
Themes&in&Art&and&Culture&I&Fall$2017$–$HAD$111$ $ $ $Hist.docxsusannr
 
Theology 200 – The Christian TraditionStudents are asked t.docx
Theology 200 – The Christian TraditionStudents are asked t.docxTheology 200 – The Christian TraditionStudents are asked t.docx
Theology 200 – The Christian TraditionStudents are asked t.docxsusannr
 
then choose psyc 304 click in course it will take you to ano.docx
then choose psyc 304 click in course it will take you to ano.docxthen choose psyc 304 click in course it will take you to ano.docx
then choose psyc 304 click in course it will take you to ano.docxsusannr
 

Mais de susannr (20)

Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also frame so.docx
Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also frame so.docxTheories help frame more than presenting problems—they also frame so.docx
Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also frame so.docx
 
Theories of LeadershipInstructionsWrite a 4–5 page paper.docx
Theories of LeadershipInstructionsWrite a 4–5 page paper.docxTheories of LeadershipInstructionsWrite a 4–5 page paper.docx
Theories of LeadershipInstructionsWrite a 4–5 page paper.docx
 
Theories in SociologyAssignment OverviewThis writing assignm.docx
Theories in SociologyAssignment OverviewThis writing assignm.docxTheories in SociologyAssignment OverviewThis writing assignm.docx
Theories in SociologyAssignment OverviewThis writing assignm.docx
 
Theories of LeadershipMany schools of thought have developed t.docx
Theories of LeadershipMany schools of thought have developed t.docxTheories of LeadershipMany schools of thought have developed t.docx
Theories of LeadershipMany schools of thought have developed t.docx
 
THEORIES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTPiaget’s TheoryWe begin wi.docx
THEORIES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTPiaget’s TheoryWe begin wi.docxTHEORIES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTPiaget’s TheoryWe begin wi.docx
THEORIES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTPiaget’s TheoryWe begin wi.docx
 
Theories of Maladaptive BehaviorLocate at least two peer-rev.docx
Theories of Maladaptive BehaviorLocate at least two peer-rev.docxTheories of Maladaptive BehaviorLocate at least two peer-rev.docx
Theories of Maladaptive BehaviorLocate at least two peer-rev.docx
 
Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also fram.docx
Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also fram.docxTheories help frame more than presenting problems—they also fram.docx
Theories help frame more than presenting problems—they also fram.docx
 
THEORETICAL REVIEW Please read through these extensive assignmen.docx
THEORETICAL REVIEW Please read through these extensive assignmen.docxTHEORETICAL REVIEW Please read through these extensive assignmen.docx
THEORETICAL REVIEW Please read through these extensive assignmen.docx
 
Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 35, 31-42. To Treat a Psyc.docx
Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 35, 31-42. To Treat a Psyc.docxTheoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 35, 31-42. To Treat a Psyc.docx
Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 35, 31-42. To Treat a Psyc.docx
 
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR A FAMILY AND PALLIATIVE NURS.docx
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR A FAMILY AND PALLIATIVE NURS.docxTHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR A FAMILY AND PALLIATIVE NURS.docx
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR A FAMILY AND PALLIATIVE NURS.docx
 
Theoretical PerspectivesSince Childrens Literature is written f.docx
Theoretical PerspectivesSince Childrens Literature is written f.docxTheoretical PerspectivesSince Childrens Literature is written f.docx
Theoretical PerspectivesSince Childrens Literature is written f.docx
 
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapte.docx
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapte.docxTheoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapte.docx
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapte.docx
 
Theoretical Approach Summarize and explain the three major theor.docx
Theoretical Approach Summarize and explain the three major theor.docxTheoretical Approach Summarize and explain the three major theor.docx
Theoretical Approach Summarize and explain the three major theor.docx
 
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapted .docx
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapted .docxTheoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapted .docx
Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a DecisionAdapted .docx
 
Then please provide me a write-up explaining which tools you dow.docx
Then please provide me a write-up explaining which tools you dow.docxThen please provide me a write-up explaining which tools you dow.docx
Then please provide me a write-up explaining which tools you dow.docx
 
theme to develop 1. Explain and apply in practice each of the Pr.docx
theme to develop 1. Explain and apply in practice each of the Pr.docxtheme to develop 1. Explain and apply in practice each of the Pr.docx
theme to develop 1. Explain and apply in practice each of the Pr.docx
 
Then, FOR THE ARTICLE YOU CHOOSE TO WRITE ON, you will type a 1000-1.docx
Then, FOR THE ARTICLE YOU CHOOSE TO WRITE ON, you will type a 1000-1.docxThen, FOR THE ARTICLE YOU CHOOSE TO WRITE ON, you will type a 1000-1.docx
Then, FOR THE ARTICLE YOU CHOOSE TO WRITE ON, you will type a 1000-1.docx
 
Themes&in&Art&and&Culture&I&Fall$2017$–$HAD$111$ $ $ $Hist.docx
Themes&in&Art&and&Culture&I&Fall$2017$–$HAD$111$ $ $ $Hist.docxThemes&in&Art&and&Culture&I&Fall$2017$–$HAD$111$ $ $ $Hist.docx
Themes&in&Art&and&Culture&I&Fall$2017$–$HAD$111$ $ $ $Hist.docx
 
Theology 200 – The Christian TraditionStudents are asked t.docx
Theology 200 – The Christian TraditionStudents are asked t.docxTheology 200 – The Christian TraditionStudents are asked t.docx
Theology 200 – The Christian TraditionStudents are asked t.docx
 
then choose psyc 304 click in course it will take you to ano.docx
then choose psyc 304 click in course it will take you to ano.docxthen choose psyc 304 click in course it will take you to ano.docx
then choose psyc 304 click in course it will take you to ano.docx
 

Último

COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxCOMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxannathomasp01
 
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdfUGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdfNirmal Dwivedi
 
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning ExhibitSociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibitjbellavia9
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.christianmathematics
 
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jisc
 
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Pooja Bhuva
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and ModificationsMJDuyan
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
 
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptxExploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptxPooja Bhuva
 
How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17
How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17
How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxJisc
 
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxHMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxEsquimalt MFRC
 
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptxOn_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptxPooja Bhuva
 
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptxHMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptxmarlenawright1
 
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...Poonam Aher Patil
 
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxInterdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxPooja Bhuva
 
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structureSingle or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structuredhanjurrannsibayan2
 
Basic Intentional Injuries Health Education
Basic Intentional Injuries Health EducationBasic Intentional Injuries Health Education
Basic Intentional Injuries Health EducationNeilDeclaro1
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxJisc
 
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 

Último (20)

COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxCOMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
 
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdfUGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
 
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning ExhibitSociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
 
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
 
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
 
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptxExploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
 
How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17
How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17
How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
 
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxHMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
 
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptxOn_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
On_Translating_a_Tamil_Poem_by_A_K_Ramanujan.pptx
 
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptxHMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
 
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
 
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxInterdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
 
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structureSingle or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
 
Basic Intentional Injuries Health Education
Basic Intentional Injuries Health EducationBasic Intentional Injuries Health Education
Basic Intentional Injuries Health Education
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
 
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
 

Theory and the White-Collar OffenderOur previous week’s disc.docx

  • 1. Theory and the White-Collar Offender Our previous week’s discussion required an explanation for inappropriate/criminal conduct committed by medical professionals. In a 1-2 page paper, examine which criminological theory best explains this inappropriate/criminal conduct. Which theory best describes your view of this white collar offender. Support your position with at least three (3) external references